RSC Advances Blog

The team compared dinosaur and prehistoric shark teeth with those from great white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias)

New research by scientists in Germany has uncovered a curious difference between present-day shark teeth and those of their prehistoric relatives. Although the tooth structure of extinct sharks, like the giant Megalodon, was remarkably similar to great whites and other modern-day sharks, the material they were made from bore a closer resemblance to dinosaur teeth and hints that this change in composition might be down to a dramatic environmental change.

Most animal teeth contain a layer of hard enamel, a soft dentin middle and inner pulp. Dentin and enamel are usually composed of the mineral hydroxyapatite but modern-day sharks differ; their enamel equivalent uses fluoroapatite.

To read the full article visit Chemistry World.

Dental lessons from past to present: ultrastructure and composition of teeth from plesiosaurs, dinosaurs, extinct and recent sharks
A. Lübke, J. Enax, K. Loza, O. Prymak, P. Gaengler, H.-O. Fabritius, D. Raabe and M. Epple  
RSC Adv., 2015,5, 61612-61622
DOI: 10.1039/C5RA11560D, Paper

At a time when materials are increasingly having dual functions, researchers at the Central Leather Research Institute in India are developing ‘smart leathers’. Now, a team there has established a method for imparting leather with a long-lasting lemongrass scent.

Raghava Rao and colleagues used emulsion polymerisation to encapsulate lemongrass oil because of its speed and scalability. Despite the volatile nature of essential oils, when encapsulated in a biopolymer made from chitosan and acrylic acid, the lemongrass scent persists for up to three years. With an average diameter of 117nm, the nanospheres were uniformly distributed within spaces across the leather matrix, and the resulting hydrophilicity and lipophilicity suggests the oils penetrated into the leather.

The nanospheres diffused into the leather matrix and deposited on the collagen fibres

To read the full article visit Chemistry World.

Development of smart leathers: incorporating scent through infusion of encapsulated lemongrass oil
Punitha Velmurugan, Nishad Fathima Nishter, Geetha Baskar, Aruna Dhathathreyan and Jonnalagadda Raghava Rao  
RSC Adv., 2015,5, 59903-59911
DOI: 10.1039/C5RA05508C, Paper

Soil bacteria communities become richer and more diverse on exposure to graphene oxide, new research shows.¹ This unexpected finding, unearthed by scientists in China, highlights that despite graphene oxide’s potential for widespread environmental release, little is known about its ecological impact.

Digging deeper into the environmental impact of nanomaterial contamination © Shutterstock

Graphene oxide’s abundance of surface oxygen-containing groups makes it a useful precursor to the graphene-based materials poised to revolutionise electronics and nanoproduct industries. Soil ecosystems will likely bear the brunt of nanomaterial contamination and while previous studies have looked at graphene oxide’s effect in pure bacterial cultures, soil is a much more complicated medium with diverse microbial communities that demand closer investigation. Now a team led by Xiangang Hu and Qixing Zhou’s of Nankai University has studied the effects of graphene oxide in the soil for 90 days using high-throughput sequencing analysis.

To read the full article visit Chemistry World.

Graphene oxide regulates the bacterial community and exhibits property changes in soil
Junjie Du, Xiangang Hu and Qixing Zhou  
RSC Adv., 2015,5, 27009-27017
DOI: 10.1039/C5RA01045D, Paper

Although catalytic converters are crucial in the fight against air pollution, they do release palladium into the environment © Shutterstock

Genetically modified Escherichia coli can synthesise a protein that could work as a palladium biosorbent to recover the precious metal from polluted water, new research shows. 

Catalytic converters are hugely important for controlling car exhaust fumes but small amounts of the palladium, and other platinum group elements, that form their main active component are leaking into and contaminating the environment. ‘Global palladium resources are scarce,’ warns sustainability expert Magdalena Titirici, of Queen Mary University of London, UK, who was not involved in the study. ‘Therefore recovering noble metals such as palladium from the urban environment using low cost and environmentally friendly adsorbents is of major importance.’

To read the full article visit Chemistry World.

Designed biomolecule–cellulose complexes for palladium recovery and detoxification
Ian Sofian Yunus and Shen-Long Tsai  
RSC Adv., 2015,5, 20276-20282
DOI: 10.1039/C4RA16200E, Paper

The shock wave device does not need to touch the mouse to trigger the drug release

Scientists in India have developed a shock wave-based drug delivery system that could be used to administer insulin in diabetic patients and reduce the need for painful injections. A similar strategy could also increase the efficacy of antibiotic treatment to diabetic wounds.

In recent years, stimuli responsive drug delivery systems have come to the fore. Such systems enable greater control over where and when drugs are released in the body, ultimately providing more localised and sustained treatment with better overall results. Systems that are responsive to external stimuli such as ultrasound, infrared light and magnetic fields have all been reported, but often require specialist equipment that can be expensive to buy or difficult to operate, and this has limited their application in real clinical situations.

To read the full article please visit Chemistry World.

Remotely triggered micro-shock wave responsive drug delivery system for resolving diabetic wound infection and controlling blood sugar levels
Divya Prakash Gnanadhas, Monalisha Elango, Midhun Ben Thomas, Jagadeesh Gopalan and Dipshikha Chakravortty  
RSC Adv., 2015,5, 13234-13238
DOI: 10.1039/C4RA15270K, Paper

Supercapacitors are used in memory backup systems and portable electronics as well as high-power devices © Shutterstock

Researchers in the UK have designed a simple and inexpensive circuit that can linearise the charge–discharge behaviour of a capacitor. This could solve one of the most important problems plaguing the development of supercapacitors – the need for a straightforward measurement method for the amount of electrical charge they can store at a given voltage, known as capacitance. 

The circuit, reported by the group of Craig Banks at Manchester Metropolitan University, can be added to researchers’ existing cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic charge–discharge setups. It requires only two precise resistors and a variable capacitor of similar capacitance to the supercapacitor under investigation, components which cost as little as £5.

To read the full article visit Chemistry World.

A new approach for the improved interpretation of capacitance measurements for materials utilised in energy storage
Dimitrios K. Kampouris, Xiaobo Ji, Edward P. Randviir and Craig E. Banks  
RSC Adv., 2015,5, 12782-12791
DOI: 10.1039/C4RA17132B, Paper

Researchers in Brazil have created floating blocks that could be added to stagnant water to suppress the transmission of dengue fever.

The floating bricks support an iron oxide catalyst

Over 40% of the world’s population is thought to be at risk from dengue, according to World Health Organization estimates. It is spread through the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito and symptoms include high fever, joint pain and vomiting.

To read the full article please visit Chemistry World.

A photocatalytic process for the eradication of dengue through ˙OH generation in the presence of sunlight and iron oxide
G. V. Pereira, V. A. Freitas, H. S. Oliveira, L. C. A. Oliveira and  J. C. Belchior 
RSC Adv., 2014,4, 63650-63654
DOI: 10.1039/C4RA13435D

A methyl cellulose–carrageenan foam

Long-life foams that can act as oceanic mirrors are being explored by scientists in the UK. These reflective foams could one day ease global warming by managing incoming solar radiation. 

Planetary albedo is the proportion of sunlight reflected by Earth’s surface; two main areas contribute – land and ocean. Oceanic albedo is primarily caused by naturally occurring bubbles or foams produced by surface waves called whitecaps. They create an oceanic mirror but without them, ocean reflectance is only around 5%. Whitecaps, however, are short-lived, urging research into persistent foams that boost albedo.  

To read the full article visit Chemistry World.

Long-term stabilization of reflective foams in sea water
Alex Aziz, Helen C. Hailes, John M. Ward and Julian R. G. Evans  
RSC Adv., 2014,4, 53028-53036
DOI: 10.1039/C4RA08714C

Water droplets form spherical shapes on the composite’s surface

Scientists in China have made a mechanically stable superhydrophobic material from waste silicone.