Green Chemistry Blog

Andrew Abbott is a Professor of Physical Chemistry and Head of the Department of Chemistry at the University of Leicester, UK.  His research is based on the design, fundamental studies and applications of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents.  Andy took a few moments to chat to Green Chemistry…

Who or what initially inspired you to become a chemist?

As with most chemists, I can trace my career in Chemistry to my chemistry teacher at school, Mr David Peacock at Abbotsfield School, West London. He used to take us to all kinds of demonstration lectures and he was a great inspiration.

What has been the motivation behind your recent research?

My own research is in the area of sustainable solvents, particularly ionic liquids. I am interested in developing sustainable materials and we are focussing on metal deposition and dissolution which I feel are some of the most pressing issues in green chemistry. Reducing aqueous effluents of heavy metals are some of the most pressing issues because of the acute toxicity and large volumes of the processes. These are ubiquitous problems and all of the solutions tend to be end of pipe. Our approach is to use ionic media to avoid aqueous effluent. This also allows us to build in more energy efficient deposition processes. We have take a number of these to commercial scale. We produce our liquid systems with the catch phrase “benign by design”. We ensure that rather than looking for the perfect chemical system we start with the perfect environmental system and then tailor it to the application. Our work is also investigating novel starch based plastics building biodegradation in from the outset and attempting to modify to material to obtain the optimum mechanical properties.

What do you see as the main challenges facing research in this area?

The main challenge facing Green Chemistry is the conservative tendency in manufacturing which leads to small incremental change. The challenge from an academic point of view is retaining credibility for new technologies. We still tend to go in fads such as supercritical fluids or ionic liquids and see them as a panacea. Process design tends to be lacking from many approaches. There is also a tendency to claim that something is Green as if it is an absolute that can be achieved. We need to focus on relative improvements in green metrics.

Where do you see the field of Green Chemistry being in 5 or 10 years time?

One of the challenges in Green Chemistry over the next 10 years is retaining credibility and building successful case studies. It should be seen as a goal in all processes to improve the green metrics and it should be a key goal to develop simple criteria that are non-quantitative but are highly indicative of the relative improvements that a process makes over existing technology. A simple scale or traffic light scheme which quantified changes in key indicators such as the scale of the process, the relative change in the hazard, environmental impact, and the practicality of the methodology.

And finally…

If you could not be a scientist, but could be anything else, what would you be?

Chemistry was always my fallback position. I always wanted to be an artist and had it not been for my lack of talent I would have surely made it. Recently I fulfilled a personal challenge to combine both areas and I devised a public lecture on the chemists role in art entitled “From Test Tube to Turner” which I gave at Burlington House. Even in this lecture there is still some Green Chemistry where I discuss the chemists desire to remove toxic heavy metals from the artists palette.

A couple of Andy’s recent Green Chemistry articles are currently free to access until the 18th July 2012:

Salt modified starch: sustainable, recyclable plastics, Andrew P. Abbott, Andrew D. Ballantyne, Jesus Palenzuela Conde, Karl S. Ryder and William R. Wise, Green Chem., 2012, 14, 1302-1307

Processing of metals and metal oxides using ionic liquids, Andrew P. Abbott, Gero Frisch, Jennifer Hartley and Karl S. Ryder, Green Chem., 2011, 13, 471-481

Michael Meier is a Professor at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany.  His research interests are utilizing plant oil derived fatty acids and terpenes etc., to prepare (novel) monomers study their subsequent polymerisation to obtain a variety of renewable polymers.  Michael took a few moments away from his work to talk to Green Chemistry…

Who or what initially inspired you to become a chemist?

I was certainly inspired to become a chemist by my high-school chemistry teacher. Apart from being a great teacher in the class room, he offered voluntary lab-courses (which are still uncommon in Germany at this stage of education) and I will never forget making my first batch of Aspirin there. Without his excellent introduction to chemistry, I would probably have chosen another subject to study. Thank you Mr. Stegmüller!

What was the motivation behind the research described in your recent Green Chemistry article?

As for all research we do, our motivation is to find sustainable alternatives to existing chemistry. More importantly, we focus on a feedstock-shift from fossil resources to renewable ones. In our latest contribution, we used organocatalysis to develop new efficient procedures for the synthesis of organic carbonates and renewable polycarbonates. Catalysis is one aspect of the sustainability of this approach, but probably more important is the use of dimethyl carbonate as a non-toxic and potentially renewable alternative to phosgene for these reactions.

What do you see as the main challenges facing research in this area?

In my opinion, a major challenge will be the implementation of all the new and exciting findings that are described in the context of Green Chemistry into the chemical industry. Only then will chemistry have a chance to actually contribute to a sustainable development of our future. This is certainly one of my goals. In order to reach this, in my opinion chemistry does not only have to be sustainable, but also simple, broadly applicable and robust.

Where do you see the field of Green Chemistry being in 5 or 10 years time?

The field will definitely keep on growing. More and more research groups are joining the field, the younger generation is more aware of ecological problems and sustainability in general, and also industry has learned that sustainability often goes along with cost-savings. I thus look forward to a bright future of the field that will hopefully see many paradigm-changing and stimulating new results.

If you could not be a scientist, but could be anything else, what would you be?

If I would not be a scientist, I would probably run a coffee shop with the best cappuccino in town and homemade (organic of course) bagels and cakes. I actually thought about this option during my studies in Regensburg, because back then coffee-shops basically did not exist in Germany. But as you can guess from reading this, chemistry has won.

A couple of Michael’s recent Green Chemistry articles are currently free to access until the 2nd July 2012:

TBD catalysis with dimethyl carbonate: a fruitful and sustainable alliance, Hatice Mutlu, Johal Ruiz, Susanne C. Solleder and Michael A. R. Meier, Green Chem., 2012, 14, 1728-1735

Thiol-ene vs. ADMET: a complementary approach to fatty acid-based biodegradable polymers, Oĝuz Türünç and Michael A. R. Meier, Green Chem., 2011, 13, 314-320

Keep up-to-date with the latest content in Green Chemistry by registering for our free table of contents alerts.

James Mack is an Associate Professor of Chemistry at the University of Cincinnati, USA.  His current research is in the development of environmentally benign organic reactions and in particular mechano- or ball milling chemistry.  James took a few moments to speak to Green Chemistry…

 Who or what initially inspired you to become a chemist?

 My parents bought me a chemistry set in grade school and I played with the set which included small experiments. I became more interested in high school chemistry. However, I knew when I took an organic chemistry sophomore year in college, that I would pursue a career in the field.

What has been the motivation behind your recent research?

When I was in graduate school I went to a seminar on Green Chemistry and thought there must be a better way to make more environmentally benign reactions. Also, chemistry should make life better for the next generation and I can be part of that change.

What do you see as the main challenges facing research in this area?

One of the challenges is explaining to world leaders that the chemical methodologies we use today will drastically impact the future. We can’t consistently borrow against the future. For example, we use resources today and hope to find alternatives tomorrow; we need to find better ways to conserve the resources we have.

Where do you see the field of Green Chemistry being in 5 or 10 years time?

In 5 to 10 years, the field will grow tremendously because students are more environmentally conscious than I was in my twenties. Green chemistry and protecting the environment is embedded in the social consciousness of today’s youth.

And finally…

If you could not be a scientist, but could be anything else, what would you be?

If I couldn’t be a chemist, my dream job would be to become the General Manager of the Boston Celtics (NBA basketball team). After all, it’s a green team! That would be magical and certainly a dream comes true! I also love to debate; therefore, pursuing a law degree would have been another great career choice.

Take a look a couple of James’ recent articles in Green Chemistry – free to access until the 19th June 2012:

Investigating the formation of dialkyl carbonates using high speed ball milling, Daniel C. Waddell, Indre Thiel, Ashley Bunger, Dominique Nkata, Ashley Maloney, Tammara Clark, Brandon Smith and James Mack, Green Chem., 2011, 13, 3156-3161

A two-step ball milling method synthesizes and purifies α,β-unsaturated esters, William C. Shearouse, Chelsea M. Korte and James Mack, Green Chem., 2011, 13, 598-601

Stay up-to-date with the latest content in Green Chemistry by registering for our free table of contents alerts.