Green Chemistry Blog

Over the past 25 years, Green Chemistry has provided a unique forum for the publication of innovative research on the development of alternative sustainable technologies, efficient utilisation of resources and the concomitant minimisation of waste. We are delighted to bring together a very special issue containing articles by members of the green chemistry community as well as past and present Green Chemistry Board members, to mark and celebrate our first 25 years.

Among the contributions to this themed collection is a Paper reporting a mechanochemical and aging-based method to alkylate Chitosan via reductive amination  (DOI: 10.1039/D4GC00127C).

Read our interview with Audrey Moores, one of the corresponding authors.

Could you briefly explain the focus of your article to the non-specialists?

Chitosan is an interesting material that can be extracted from crustacean waste and has antibacterial and biocompatibility properties. It has however limited solubility so it is very hard to modify its properties to meet our needs. Our group developed a way to functionalize it, and introduce new properties by reacting it in the solid-state giving easily access to, for instance, a more soluble version of chitosan.

How would you set this article in a wider context?

Nature is providing us with wonderful materials packed with amazing properties such as wood or crustaceans exo skeleton. Taking these materials and transforming them with simple and accessible chemistries is a great way for us to replace petrochemicals around us, but it is difficult to achieve because these materials are typically not soluble in most solvents. With this work not only do we demonstrate that working in the solid-state resolve this conundrum, but also we are able to achieve a higher degree of functionalization than similar chemistries in the liquid state.

What is the motivation behind this work?

Our group works in Quebec, which is one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada. Quebec has an important fishery industry generating every year an estimated 40,000 tons of crustacean waste, currently unvalorised. We are developing a program to demonstrate that mechanochemistry and solid-state reactivity can provide a unique avenue for transforming this underutilized stream into functional materials useful for our societies.

What aspects of this work are you most excited about at the moment and what do you find most challenging about it?

This article is Clearly showcasing how mechanochemistry and solid-state reactivities could be a productive way to develop new products made from chitin, cellulose and chitosan.

What is the next step? What work is planned?

Our work is now geared towards new functionalization of this material so that we could expand our toolbox even further.

Please describe your journey to becoming part of the Green Chemistry community

Green Chemistry started for me during my post doc, which I did under the mentorship of Professor Robert Crabtree at Yale University close to 20 years ago. Back then, Bob sent me to the Green Chemistry summer school of the ACS in Washington. At that event, I met many people including Paul Anastas, Julie Zimmerman and Phil Jessop, all legendary names in the field, who have motivated me to become part of the community. When I started my group at McGill, as a Canada research chair in Green Chemistry, it was thus natural for me to teach this topic, do my research according to its principles, and an encourage all my trainees to become active members in the community.

Why did you choose to publish in Green Chemistry?

Green Chemistry remains a flagship for our community, as the first journal in the field. I have published many articles in this journal and always appreciate the quality of the work from the team and the wide readership it provides.

What do you think the Green Chemistry journal has done well in the past 25 years, and what do you think are the main challenges our community will face in the next 25 years?

Looking back, it is evident to me that Green Chemistry has been a key player in making this topic front and centre in the field of chemistry at large. Honestly this is something that was not evident 25 years ago, and it is thus a huge achievement in my opinion. I think our community should look at the 25 coming years to make sure it becomes central as a science. Working in the field of sustainability, I feel there is still room for people to realize the immense role that chemistry and especially green chemistry can play in developing it further.

Meet the corresponding author

Audrey Moores is a professor of chemistry and associate director of the Facility for Electron Microscopy Research at McGill University. She completed her PhD at the Ecole Polytechnique, France and a post-doctoral fellowship at Yale University. She serves as an executive editor for ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. She became a member (2020) and president (2024-26) of the College of New Scholars, Artists and Scientists of the Royal Society of Canada. She received the Canadian Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Award for Green Chemistry (2021). With her group, she focuses on sustainable solutions for nanoparticles and biopolymer synthesis as well as catalyzed reactions, with an interest in waste biomass valorization, earth abundant starting materials and high atom economy and has been travelling globally to teach green and sustainable chemistry

Over the past 25 years, Green Chemistry has provided a unique forum for the publication of innovative research on the development of alternative sustainable technologies, efficient utilisation of resources and the concomitant minimisation of waste. We are delighted to bring together a very special issue containing articles by members of the green chemistry community as well as past and present Green Chemistry Board members, to mark and celebrate our first 25 years.

Among the contributions to this themed collection is a Paper on the production of low-cost high-quality carbon fiber using lignin alone without chemical treatment or additives (DOI: 10.1039/D3GC04288J).

Read our interview with Xianglan Bai, the corresponding author.

Could you briefly explain the focus of your article to the non-specialist

Low-cost green carbon fiber is of great interest due to its ability to improve material performance and decarbonize industries. For example, broader applications of low-cost carbon fiber in the automobile industry can improve fuel efficiency and reduce carbon emissions from the transportation sector. The US Department of Energy (DOE) stated in the early 2000s that carbon fiber with a tensile strength of 1.72 GPa and tensile modulus of 172 GPa at costs below $5-7/lb can be widely used in the automobile industries. Although lignin has been considered the most promising low-cost green precursor of carbon fiber, the major bottleneck and barrier in developing commercially relevant lignin-based carbon fibers is their poor mechanical properties far below the commercial petroleum-based carbon fibers. Previous approaches of chemically modifying lignin or processing lignin and co-precursors were ineffective in meeting the cost and property requirements of carbon fiber. We recently discovered a surprisingly simple and low-cost method to improve the tensile properties of lignin-based carbon fiber.  By integrating thermal heating and tension stretching during the carbon fiber processing, we successfully manipulated the intrinsic lignin chemistry and controlled material transformation. Our melt-spun carbon fiber made of unmodified raw lignin achieved unprecedented mechanical properties compared to previous lignin-based carbon fiber (tensile strength of 2.45 GPa and tensile modulus of 236 GPa). Its production cost was only $4.17/lb, suggesting its promising economic potential.

How would you set this article in a wider context?

In addition to traditional pulping industries, lignin is increasingly available as a low-cost byproduct from emerging biorefineries. Developing lignin-based high-value products with market-comparable scale holds the key to the economic sustainability of biorefineries. Lignin-based green carbon fiber can be attractive due to its enormous potential markets, such as the automobile and construction industries. However, previous approaches for producing lignin-based carbon fiber have been mostly unsuccessful due to the poor properties of the resultant carbon fibers. Thanks to the thermo-mechanochemistry of lignin discovered in our recent work, 100% lignin-based carbon fibers meeting the automobile-grade properties and cost requirements were achieved by simply controlling heat and tension applied during carbon fiber processing. The discovery of the novel chemistry of lignin and our proof-of-concept results will alter perceptions of lignin-based carbon fibers as the commercially viable low-cost green carbon fibers, therefore advancing lignin valorization in biorefineries.

What is the motivation behind this work?

Polyacrylonitrile, the standard carbon fiber precursor, has one dimensional repeated polymer structure. During its stabilization and carbonization process, the well-defined structure of polyacrylonitrile transforms into a highly oriented turbostratic graphene structure that offers exceptionally high mechanical properties. In comparison, lignin is an amorphous polymer with three-dimensional crosslinked network. During the conventional stabilization and carbonization process, the non-oriented lignin structure turns into an amorphous carbon structure with pores, which leads to poor mechanical properties. Because the intrinsic lignin structure lacking in molecular orientation is responsible for the poor mechanical properties of lignin-based carbon fiber, previous approaches mainly focused on chemically modifying lignin or blending lignin with other polymers or additives with well-defined linear structures. However, such efforts for modifying precursors were insufficient to overcome the tensile property issues of the carbon fiber.

Lignin undergoes extensive chemical transformation and microstructural changes during the thermal treatments required for producing carbon fiber. Thus, it may be possible to alter the chemical reactions of lignin and microstructural evolution through controlling the fiber processing conditions. However, this potential opportunity for modifying lignin has been largely overlooked. In previous studies, lignin-based precursors were oxidized and carbonized using empirical methods or the method initially developed for petroleum-based precursors. To address the knowledge gap, we carefully tracked the chemical structure and corresponding microstructural formation through various stages of fiber fabrication under different thermal and tension conditions. As a result, we found that combining proper thermal treatment and strong tension stretching of the fiber can manipulate chemical reactions and control the microstructure evolution, transforming lignin into oriented and graphene carbons at a surprisingly low temperature of 700 ℃. Based on our patent-pending fiber processing method tailored for lignin, high-quality carbon fiber can be obtained without needing costly co-precursors or chemical treatment.

What aspects of this work are you most excited about at the moment and what do you find most challenging about it?

The discovery of lignin’s thermo-mechanochemistry in our work will provide many exciting opportunities for converting lignin into interesting and higher-value products. Thermo-mechanochemistry is a new terminology our group invented for lignin, which was previously unknown. Since lignin structure depends on parent biomass origin and lignin extraction methods, more research is required to fully understand this new chemistry of lignin. Combining advanced analytical techniques and computational studies will help understand a novel material chemistry.

What is the next step? What work is planned?

We plan to expand our current research to investigate broader types of lignin. We will improve our understanding of lignin’s thermo-mechanochemistry by developing the structure-process-property relationships for different lignin and precursors. We will also continue to improve our methods to increase the mechanical properties of the carbon fiber and reduce production costs. We hope to collaborate with industries to demonstrate our carbon fiber processing method in scale and utilize lignin produced from different industrial processes.

Please describe your journey to becoming part of the Green Chemistry community

I began my academic career as an assistant professor at Iowa State University in 2013. Since then, the overarching goal of my research group has been developing environmentally friendly and transformative technologies to valorize low-cost, abundant resources. Over the years, our group has developed broader expertise in thermochemical conversion, electrified conversion, and material synthesis to convert biomass, waste plastics, and greenhouse gases into fuels, chemicals, and carbon materials. Studying various technologies and feedstocks allowed us to gain expertise in developing integrated processes and multidisciplinary approaches for solving challenging problems in sustainability. In this work, we combined our knowledge of lignin chemistry and material science to investigate lignin-based carbon fiber, which led to the discovery of a novel material chemistry and a new lignin-tailored process for carbon fiber production.

Why did you choose to publish in Green Chemistry?

Green Chemistry is known for publishing high-quality frontier research on various sustainability topics. In this context, Green Chemistry has always been among the top choices to publish our research. Our group has a long history of publishing in Green Chemistry.

What do you think the Green Chemistry journal has done well in the past 25 years, and what do you think are the main challenges our community will face in the next 25 years?

Green Chemistry journal has been widely recognized as one of the top journals in sustainability research. The journal has published many exciting and groundbreaking research. As environmental and energy issues remain grand challenges for our society, there is no doubt that Green Chemistry will continue to serve as an important platform for communicating scientific discoveries in the broader realms of sustainability. In terms of future challenges, improving the transformative aspect of the research findings to demonstrate technologies in scale and developing system approaches is strongly desired for the novel research to make a real-world impact.

Meet the corresponding author

Xianglan Bai is currently a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Iowa State University. She is also a courtesy professor of Chemical and Biological Engineering at the same institution. She is the Editorial Board Member of Fuel Processing Technology and Carbon Neutrality. The focus of her research group is the valorization of biomass and waste plastics into fuels, chemicals, and carbon-based materials via developing novel thermochemical conversion, electrified conversion (non-thermal plasma and joule heating), and material synthesis.

Over the past 25 years, Green Chemistry has provided a unique forum for the publication of innovative research on the development of alternative sustainable technologies, efficient utilisation of resources and the concomitant minimisation of waste. We are delighted to bring together a very special collection containing articles by members of the green chemistry community as well as past and present Green Chemistry Board members, to mark and celebrate our first 25 years.

Among the contributions to this themed collection is a Perspective on the 10 years of the Green Chemistry Commitment at Beyond Benign (DOI: 10.1039/D4GC00575A).

Read our interview with Amy Cannon and Juliana Vidal, two of the authors

Could you briefly explain the focus of your article to the non-specialist?

Beyond Benign is a non-profit organization passionate and dedicated to empowering the entire chemistry community to achieve a sustainable future through education. To catalyze the reach and depth of this support in higher education, Beyond Benign created and launched the Green Chemistry Commitment (GCC) program in 2013, a voluntary and non-prescriptive promise from colleges, universities, and institutes worldwide to incorporate green chemistry into their curriculum.

How would you set this article in a wider context?

Education in green chemistry is the fundamental piece to the achievement of a sustainable future since it can give current and future scientists the skills to design products and processes with human health and the environment in mind. Through the GCC program, entire higher education institutions have become part of a collective voice that believes in and works together towards a better planet for this and the generations to come. The green chemistry adoption approaches pursued by more than 150 institutions participating in the GCC reflect the diversity of cultures, resources, locations, and individuals within the community and their impact on over 3,300 faculty members and 840,000 students annually. Since publication, this community has grown to over 215 institutions and 5,000 faculty members reaching over 1.2 million students annually.

What is the motivation behind this work?

Together, we are stronger. Regardless of the approach taken or resources used, the green chemistry community is created and maintained by inspiring individuals who are constantly defying the status quo to achieve systemic change locally and globally. This article is a celebration of all the collective efforts taken to promote this meaningful and impactful change, as well as a recognition of the remarkable work performed in the last 10 years by the institutions participating in the GCC community.

What aspects of this work are you most excited about at the moment and what do you find most challenging about it?

It is very exciting to see the increasing number of colleges, institutes, and universities joining the GCC program, as well as their unique institutional journeys to green chemistry integration, adoption, and dissemination. It is also encouraging to see the green chemistry path of our community members and watch some of them become leaders in the field, acting as ‘agents of change’ to further inspire the adoption of sustainable practices regardless of their environments, locations, and roles. Although several milestones have been achieved in these 10 years of the GCC program, the most challenging aspect is and will always be the resistance to change. Adding ‘something new’ to an already jam-packed curriculum can bring a certain level of discomfort and a sense of control loss to some institutions and individuals regarding the inclusion of green chemistry topics in undergraduate and graduate courses. However, teaching and practicing the traditional chemistry concepts ‘through the lens of green chemistry’ can go a long way and promote impactful incremental changes that could inspire a whole generation of future scientists to think about human health and the environment during their molecular design.

What is the next step? What work is planned? 

The ultimate goal of the GCC program is to host a community of transformation around green chemistry, where the individuals in the participant institutions can promote a revolutionary education reform through the living and interdisciplinary integration of green chemistry and sustainability. To do so, the next step of the GCC is to enhance the support of its current signers through grants, professional development, mentoring, and leadership opportunities, as well as increasing the number of institutions in the program. Through an empowered community of transformation, green chemistry can finally achieve its goal of becoming ‘just chemistry’ and the inherent way molecular designers create benign building blocks for products used by our society every day.

Please describe your journey to becoming part of the Green Chemistry community.

Amy Cannon: I was very passionate about sustainability at an early age, but didn’t know how to apply that passion. I studied chemistry in undergrad and was going to use my chemistry skills to study environmental problems. I applied to graduate programs and was admitted to a multi-disciplinary program at the University of Massachusetts in Boston that was focused on environmental sciences. I was assigned an advisor from the chemistry department due to my chemistry background. That advisor was Dr John Warner. Once I learned about green chemistry from him, I quickly turned back to a chemistry major and helped to create the world’s first Ph.D. program in green chemistry. I was the first graduate from that program in 2005.

Juliana Vidal: I discovered green chemistry in the very last year of my B.Sc. studies. I was reading an environmental chemistry book and studying for my exam when I saw a page with a picture of John Warner and Paul Anastas. I simply fell in love with the field and started to wonder why I had not learned about it before, which was the main motivation for my green chemistry journey and my work as a Program Manager at Beyond Benign. For those reasons, I was thrilled that my debut as part of the Green Chemistry journal community was in a work that discusses, promotes, and celebrates these collective journeys through the GCC program, and it is the result of a collaborative effort with some of my personal heroes, such as Amy Cannon, Natalie O’Neil, and John Warner.

Why did you choose to publish in Green Chemistry?

Besides its reputation for being one of the most influential and important journals in the field, Green Chemistry has recently released a ‘Green Chemistry 25^th Anniversary Collection’ Special Issue. As our team at Beyond Benign also looks to celebrate the work performed by our GCC participant institutions throughout the 10 years of the program, the Green Chemistry journal could not be a better place for this work to live and this double celebration to happen.

What do you think the Green Chemistry journal has done well in the past 25 years, and what do you think are the main challenges our community will face in the next 25 years? 

Throughout 25 years, the Green Chemistry journal has been home to some of the most important discoveries in the field, highlighting diverse approaches to green chemistry innovation and, most importantly, adapting itself to the new and incoming trends in green chemistry teaching and research. However, as new methods, processes, strategies, and even definitions emerge, our community will need to be as collaborative and as adaptable as possible to promote an in-depth inclusion of the field across sectors, organizations, and institutions within our society. However, acknowledging the past, recognizing mistakes, and planning a better future is something our community has excelled at throughout these 25 years, and that can still be our strength for the next 25 years to come.

Meet the authors

Dr Amy Cannon (she/her) is the Co-Founder and Executive Director of Beyond Benign, an organization that develops and disseminates green chemistry educational resources that empower educators, students and the community at large to practice sustainability through chemistry. She holds the world’s first Ph.D. in Green Chemistry from the University of Massachusetts Boston, and she worked as an Assistant Professor of Green Chemistry and Director of Outreach and Community Education at the Center for Green Chemistry at the University of Massachusetts Lowell. Amy was awarded the Kenneth G. Hancock Memorial Award in Green Chemistry in 2004 and the 2012 EPA New England Environmental Merit award for her leadership and work on green chemistry education, where she is focused on better-preparing students and scientists to enter the workforce trained with the skills to create sustainable materials and products. Through Beyond Benign, Amy leads many educational initiatives to bring together multiple stakeholders around this common goal.

Dr Juliana Vidal(she/her) is a Senior Program Manager at Beyond Benign, where she is dedicated to supporting the incorporation of green chemistry in higher education through the Green Chemistry Commitment (GCC) program. She completed her Ph.D. at Memorial University of Newfoundland, investigating new applications for a sustainable material obtained from wood waste. As a Postdoctoral Researcher at McGill University, she helped to develop greener methods for the implementation of a marine biorefinery. Juliana is the Co-Chair of the Global Conversation on Sustainability (GCS) project, a National Representative of the IUPAC’s Committee on Chemical Research Applied to World Needs (CHEMRAWN), a Coordination Member of the Chemicals & Waste Platform of the United Nations Environment Programme Major Group for Children and Youth, and was selected in 2020 a Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Future Leader.