Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts blog

Sewage contains a myriad of potentially life threatening chemical and biological matter.  This paper shows studying sewage is crucial to understanding its threat, but it can also unlock potential epidemiological information.

Disposing of sewage appropriately is one of the most important life-saving technologies that exist, however processing such waste poses health risks.  Some of the hazards associated with sewage are from adenoviruses, which can be infectious through direct contact, ingestion and aerosol exposure; a particular concern as solid material from sewage plants is often disposed of as agricultural fertiliser.  Previous studies have focussed on single adenovirus species or grouped them together; however the seven main species all possess unique symptoms when contracted.  Bibby and Peccia have therefore used PCR and primers able to distinguish between the species to amplify DNA from samples of sewage influent and effluent.

The results revealed that the adenovirus-C was most abundant, responsible for respiratory symptoms, followed by adenovirus-B, also associated with respiratory illnesses as well as urinary infections.  It should be noted though that increased virus abundance does not necessarily correlate with increased infectious risk.  Interestingly, wastewater treatment had no impact on the virus numbers, showing treated solid waste, spread on agricultural land, poses an equal risk as raw influent from adenoviruses.

Whilst providing information for risk assessments this data also lends support to the notion that sewage contains a great amount of information regarding its source population, negating the need for, and potential flaws in, medical data.  In this case, adenovirus C and B, the most abundant in the sewage, are also the most abundantly reported infections within the population. 

This work is of interest to a variety of people including those involved in human health risk assessments, gene amplification, sewage treatment and disposal and sewage epidemiology it’s free to access* on our site for the next four weeks, so why not download the paper here:

Prevalence of respiratory adenovirus species B and C in sewage sludge
Kyle Bibby and Jordan Peccia
DOI: 10.1039/c2em30831b

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Published on behalf of Sian Evans, Environmental Science: Processes and Impacts web science writer. Sian is a PhD student based in Bath, United Kingdom

Water quality assessment is vital for identifying potential hazards to both the environment and human health.  This paper suggests a revolutionary  new approach to toxicity testing which would have significant implications for a wide range of industries and potentially the way in which water quality is measured.

The activation of toxicity pathways may be more sensitive than testing for toxicity endpoints.  This is the principle behind Tox21, a ground-breaking project examining chemicals using high throughput technology.  This same thinking has inspired Escher et al to use an assay to test surface, drinking and wastewater for indicators of oxidative stress and use this as a measure of water quality.

Escher et al used a sensitive cell line (AREc32) which, via luciferase expression, reports the activation of the antioxidant response element (ARE).  The ARE, being sensitive to a relatively wide range of stressors and highly conserved in all human cells is a good toxicity screening tool.

The cell line proved to be sensitive to a variety of the validation test chemicals used, with ARE activation often proving more sensitive than cytotoxicity to stress.

The examination of environmental grab samples provided interesting results suggesting that although water treatment generally reduced stressors which would lead to ARE activation, chlorination increased them.  However, this was reversed by the time the water had reached the drinking tap.

This paper reports the validation and methodology for using this cell line as an indicator for water quality.  Although the authors identified areas for development and improvement the technique has already provided data on an impressive range of samples, illustrating its potential use.  It’s free to access* on our site for the next four weeks, so why not download the paper here:

Water quality assessment using the AREc32 reporter gene assay indicative of the oxidative stress response pathway
Beate I. Escher, Mriga Dutt, Erin Maylin, Janet Y. M. Tang, Simon Toze, C. Roland Wolf and Matti Lang
DOI: 10.1039/C2EM30506B

*Free access to individuals is provided through an RSC Publishing personal account. Registration is quick, free and simple

Published on behalf of Sian Evans, Journal of Environmental Monitoring web science writer. Sian is a PhD student based in Bath, United Kingdom

In this HOT article from researchers in Canada, the authors investigate the possibility of using American kestrel and European starling eggs as bio-monitoring species for flame retardant contamination in terrestrial ecosystems.

Testing for for sixteen PBDE congeners and nineteen non-PBDE flame retardants, the authors were able to detect major components of commercial mixtures, and found point source influences for some geographical areas.

Flame retardants in eggs of American kestrels and European starlings from southern Lake Ontario region (North America)
Da Chen, Robert J. Letcher and Pamela Martin
DOI: 10.1039/C2EM30472D

In their critical review, researchers from the University of Hawaii have carried out an economic appraisal into the separation of human urine from other waste waters at the source, and the subsequent storage and treatment of this separated water.

They conclude that energy, water and nutrients could be saved using this approach, along with decreasing green house gas emissions.

An economic appraisal of using source separation of human urine to contain and treat endocrine disrupters in the USA
Krishna Lamichhane and Roger Babcock
DOI: 10.1039/C2EM30254C

All our HOT articles are free to access for 4 weeks following a simple registration.