Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts blog

Biovolatilisation: a poorly studied pathway of the arsenic biogeochemical cycle
Adrien Mestrot, Britta Planer-Friedrich and Jörg Feldmann
DOI: 10.1039/C3EM00105A

Is meconium useful to predict fetal exposure to organochlorines and hydroxylated PCBs?
Anna Sofía Veyhe, Therese Haugdahl Nøst, Torkjel M. Sandanger, Solrunn Hansen, Jon Øyvind Odland and Evert Nieboer
DOI: 10.1039/C3EM00132F

Using quantitative structural property relationships, chemical fate models, and the chemical partitioning space to investigate the potential for long range transport and bioaccumulation of complex halogenated chemical mixtures
Anya Gawor and Frank Wania
DOI: 10.1039/C3EM00098B

Continuous, short-interval redox data loggers: verification and setup considerations
C. Shoemaker, R. Kröger, B. Reese and S. C. Pierce
DOI: 10.1039/C3EM00036B

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Fungal antigens, e.g. from damp homes, have been linked to a variety of illnesses and allergies.  Traditional techniques of identifying them, such as culture based-methods or microscopy, have several drawbacks including not being able to identify fungal fragments and limitations in species classification.  Currently available commercial monoclonal antibody-based ELISAs are avilable, however they have not been as successful in fungal identification as they have been in other common indoor allergens.   

This paper describes the development and validation of an enzyme sandwich ELISA designed to quantify A. versicolor antigens using polyclonal antibodies.  Samples from infected homes were collected and tested using the newly developed assay and the results were compared to the commercially available ELISA, colony forming units and fungi cultivations.

Proteins from A. versicolor spores and myecelia were extracted and subcutaneously injected into a rabbit.  The antibodies produced were then isolated and coated on to the plates to produce the immunoassays.   Positive and negative controls were run as well as the environmental samples. 

In brief the assay proved to be very sensitive (range = 0.12–4.5 ng mL^-1) and precise with intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) = 4% and inter-assay CV = 11%.  Cross reactivity with other moulds was observed, although at intensities significantly lower than A. versicolor.  The assay also appeared to be more successful in environmental analysis than the commercial assay, showing a positive result for 88% of dust and 89% of bulk samples, with the commercial AveX ELISA only indicating positive results for 27% and 24% respectively.  This may be partly attributed to all the A. versicolor samples cultured showing A. versicolor antigens, whereas only 12 contained identifiable AveX antigens.  A wide range of proteins were shown to be identifiable by the polycolonal A. versicolor antibodies, although not smaller proteins (20–6 KDa) from the myecelia.

This immunoassay has been demonstrated to be effective in environmental studies and could prove to be a significant technique for those identifying and quantifying fungal infestations.  

This HOT article would be of interest to anyone involved in fungal identification or the development of immunoassays.  You can access it from the website for free for the next couple of weeks*!

Bacterial community of iron tubercles from a drinking water distribution system and its occurrence in stagnant tap water
Lu Chen, Rui-Bao Jia and Li Li  
DOI: 10.1039/C3EM00171G

DGT measurement in low flow conditions: diffusive boundary layer and lability considerations
Emmanuelle Uher, Marie-Hélène Tusseau-Vuillemin and Catherine Gourlay-France
DOI: 10.1039/C3EM00151B

Quantitative and qualitative sensing techniques for biogenic volatile organic compounds and their oxidation products
Saewung Kim, Alex Guenther and Eric Apel  
DOI: 10.1039/C3EM00040K

A new immunoassay to quantify fungal antigens from the indoor mould Aspergillus versicolor
Eva Zahradnik, Sabine Kespohl, Ingrid Sander, Ursula Schies, Janett Khosravie-Hohn, Wolfgang Lorenz, Steffen Engelhart, Annette Kolk, Gerd Schneider, Thomas Brüning and Monika Raulf-Heimsoth
DOI: 10.1039/C3EM30870G

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Determining the fate of compounds once they’re released into the environment is a complex issue. However such study is vital in order to assess the persistence of a compound as well as its bioavailability.  

It is well-established that polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bind to organic complexes through hydrophobic interactions and that this can occur within soils to matter such as humus and soot etc.  So how does the presence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) impact this?  Particularly given they are organic particles with relatively high surface areas available for adsorption.  Given the increasing interest in MWNTs there is now an elevated risk of ‘traditional’ organic pollution being released into an environment where MWNTs are already present, co-released with them or for MWNTs to be released onto existing polluted soil.

Li et al. used batch equilibrium experiments to assess the relationship between soil types, MWNTs and PAHs.  The MWNTs used were 1-3 µm long, 11 nm diameter with relatively little bundling providing a high surface area.  The group assessed three soil types: sand, sandy loam and silt loam with 2 mg g^-1 of MWNTs.  The compounds and concentrations of PAHs assessed were naphthalene 0.18–7.94 mg L-¹, fluorine 0.16–1.62 mg L^-1 and phenanthrene 0.1–0.91 mg L^-1.  Sorption tests (HPLC-fluorescence) were carried out after 5 days, at which point the aqueous solution was removed and replaced with fresh and left for 24hrs under the same conditions to assess desorption.

The results confirmed that the sorption of these compounds increased with increasing organic content of the soil. However, the presence of MWNTs did not appear to influence this adsorption, even at these relatively high concentrations of MWNTs.  Desorption was minimal in all cases.

In addition, the group derived equations based on the ‘rule of mixtures’ capable of predicting the sorption coefficients of composite sorbents.  They found good correlations between predicted and experimental data using these equations despite limitations of the model, such as assuming no void spaces. 

This HOT article would be of interest to anyone carrying out batch equilibrium experiments, or is interested in the sorption of PAH and/or the fate of MWNTs.  You can access it from the website for free for the next 4 weeks*!

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) sorption behavior unaffected by the presence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in a natural soil system.
Shibin Li, Todd A. Anderson, Micah J. Green, Jonathan D. Maul and Jaclyn E. Cañas-Carrell
DOI: 10.1039/C3EM00099K

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In this HOT article, collaborators in Australia and California devise methods of assessing contributions of landfill and natural gas methane to mixtures in soil gas and groundwater. They use half-lives and concentration ratios to evaluate the age of release.

The group at URS Australia Pty Ltd, Geosyntec Consultants and Redwood Waste Management California, focus on the problem of methane from landfill gas migrating away underneath the surface of landfill sites. It is a particular problem due to methane’s flammable nature. Landfill gas is not the only source of migrating methane. Sources include natural organic matter decomposition, natural gas in supply lines, degradation of petroleum products and underground reservoirs of natural gas. There are many indicators used to determine the source of natural gas, such as the presence of CO₂ being a marker for biodegradation. Carbon and hydrogen isotope composition is also used.

These researchers argue that using multiples of these indicators is the most reliable way to understand sources and migration pathways. This paper introduces a methodology to assess all of these different indicators at a complex site with multiple methane sources. Knowing the age of landfill gas using VOCs concentrations is a helpful parameter when assessing migration distance and time. This methodology using methane radioisotope data can distinguish on-going release from an inactive source and determine relative contributions of landfill gas and thermogenic methane to the environment. The theoretical basis for estimating landfill gas age is described in detail and applied to a case study at a municipal solid waste disposal facility in California.

As always, we’ve made this fascinating HOT research free to access for 4 weeks*!

Evaluation of the age of landfill gas methane in landfill gas–natural gas mixtures using co-occurring constituents
Henry B. Kerfoot, Benjamin Hagedorn and Mark Verwiel 
DOI: 10.1039/C3EM30971A

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J. Abell and colleagues at the University of Waikato and National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, New Zealand, have quantified nutrient and sediment inputs to a large eutrophic lake. They draw conclusions on how hydrological and landscape factors interact to produce pollutant flux.

Pollutant concentrations after a rain event such as a storm vary greatly and therefore high-frequency sampling is needed.  The amount of pollutant must be measured as a function of the stream discharge. The relationship between the two parameters can provide insights into sources and transport mechanisms in a catchment area. A catchment area can act as a filter, regulating downstream transport.  Therefore changes over time that occur after a rain event give insights into upstream hydrological and landscape factors.

The team looked at two streams flowing into a large eutrophic lake, focusing on levels of suspended sediment, nitrogen and phosphorus over a range of discharge values. One stream flowed through a mainly forested area, the other through pasture land. They conducted high frequency sampling over two years for both streams, taking over 900 samples. Comparison of two streams allowed spatial conclusions to be drawn.

This article includes an in-depth discussion of the factors related to suspended sediment and nutrient levels of the two streams, and how all of these factors contribute to the eutrophic nature of the lake. The researchers examine how these results could to lead to improved management of lake water quality.

Free to access for 4 weeks*, read the detailed discussion here:

Quantifying temporal and spatial variations in sediment, nitrogen and phosphorus transport in stream inflows to a large eutrophic lake
J. M. Abell, D. P. Hamilton and J. C. Rutherford
DOI: 10.1039/C3EM00083D

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The dumping of e-waste is an ever-increasing environmental problem. Individuals and organisations are changing their mobile phones and computers at faster and faster rates to keep up to date with the latest technological innovations. 80% of the world’s e-waste is exported to Asia, with the vast majority ending up in China where the environmental regulations are softer and the cost of labour is lower.

The recycling of e-waste in China often involves environmentally unfriendly processes. Now mostly banned from use, PCBs are still prevalent in the majority of older electronic equipment, which is now e-waste. PBDEs are also used as flame retardants in electronics. These chemicals and heavy metals are released into the environment during e-waste recycling

Researchers at the Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, describe an extensive study into the soil contamination levels in an e-waste region of Southern China. They identify which recycling activities emit which pollutants and look at the links between contamination levels in recycling sites and in local agricultural soils.

They find that local paddy and vegetable field soils are contaminated with the same heavy metals found at the recycling sites and this contamination may have been distributed via ponds and streams. This work will inform the reform of e-waste recycling policies and the team plan to investigate the mobility and toxicity of the contaminants in detail.

This HOT article on the processes of an important modern environmental issue is now free to access for the next 4 weeks*!

Heavy metals and organic compounds contamination in soil from an e-waste region in South China
Ming Liu, Bo Huang, Xinhui Bi, Zhaofang Ren, Guoying Sheng and Jiamo Fu  
DOI: 10.1039/C3EM00043E

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