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A robot that identifies toxic bacteria in shallow water

04 Jun 2015

Anabaena are a group of cyanobacteria species that populate shallow water areas. They are a bit Janus-faced, both good and bad for the ecosystem at the same time. On the one hand, as many bacteria do, they fixate nitrogen. They are also rich in chlorophyll, thus being able to produce photosynthesis. On the other hand, they produce a handful of neurotoxins. These toxins are a huge risk for any other living creature around –even human beings, if they happen to drink contaminated water.

Hence, knowing the density and coverage area of cyanobacteria in a particular ecosystem may be interesting to assess ecological risk. However, when the water is not too deep, fieldwork becomes harder: divers cannot work well and boats can hardly approach the study zone. Moreover, Anabaena species often form filaments that attach to rocks, seagrass and algae. These filaments are very fragile, so the system can be easily perturbed if someone moves around to collect samples.

Image 1. The USV robot equipped with all sort of different sensors and a video camera.

But J. Gutiérrez and colleagues came up with a pretty elegant solution. They designed a missile-shaped robot that is able to sail the surface of shallow lakes and ponds, and measure the amount of Anabaena on the surface without perturbing the ecosystem. This unmanned surface vehicle (USV) features a GPS that tracks the position at all times, as well as a wide variety of chemical sensors that simultaneously record the concentration of different ions (nitrate, ammonium). It is able to measure conductivity and temperature, too. All of this while being operated from the lab using a radio-frequency remote control.

The USV also carries a camera, equipped with an image stabilization system that was improved by Gutiérrez’s team. The camera records video at all time. This video will be analysed frame by frame with the help of a state-of-the art computer programme that will be able to identify Anabaena filaments or colonies in every picture.

Combining these data with the different physicochemical measurements obtained with the sensors, researchers are able to quantify and locate toxic bacteria. The USV-robot allows them to obtain very promising results with a fraction of the usual cost of other on-water monitoring systems.

To access the full article, download a copy for free* by clicking the link below.

On-water remote monitoring robotic system for estimating the patch coverage of Anabaena sp. filaments in shallow water
E. Romero-Vivas, F. D. Von Borstel, C. J. Pérez-Estrada, D. Torres-Ariño, J. F. Villa- Medina and J. Gutiérrez.
Environmental Science: Procceses & Impacts, 2015, Advance Article.
DOI: 10.1039/c5em00097a

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About the webwriter

Fernando Gomollon-Bel is a PhD Student at the ISQCH (CSIC–University of Zaragoza). His research focuses on asymmetric organic synthesis using sugars as chiral-pool starting materials towards the production of fungical transglycosidase inhibitors.

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* Access is free until 05/07/2015 through a registered RSC account.

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2nd National Environmental Eco-Toxicology Conference

28 May 2015

The 2^nd National Environmental Eco-Toxicology Conference was held in Xiamen, China, 25th-28th of April, 2015.

This exciting conference was jointly organised by the Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xiamen University and the Institute of Urban Environment of CAS.

More than 700 attendees shared new ideas and recent development on the are six topics discussed during this conference:

Screening and assessment of high risk chemical contaminants
Transfer and distribution of chemical contaminants in the environment and organisms
Chemical hazards evaluation
Toxicology mechanism of chemical ecology
Toxicological mechanism of chemical health effects
Chemical risk management

During the conference, the Environmental Science (ES) series of journals sponsored three poster prizes. Let’s introduce the winners!

– ES: Processes & Impacts: ‘Study on the toxicity behavior of organic phosphate ester flame retardant to pattern fish’, by Liwei Sun (Zhejiang Institute of Technology)

– ES: Water Research & Technology: ‘Bioaccumulation behaviour of short chain chlorinated paraffins in Antarctic ecosystem’, by Huijuan Li and Aiqian Zhang (Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences)

– ES: Nano: ‘Proinflammatory effects of silver nanoparticles and silver ions on human skin keratinocytes’, by Yang Di, Wei Hong-ying, Wang Bin, Fan Jing-pu, Qin Yu, Liu Yue, Guo Xin-biao and Deng Fu-rong (Peking Universty)

Congratulations to all the winners!

The judges of the prize thought the quality of the posters was really high and, from the Environmental Science team, we would like to thank all the researchers that attended or presented at the conference.

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Using fluorescence to measure the quality of water

13 May 2015

We use fluorescence to identify counterfeit money. Could we use a very similar technique to assess the quality of fresh water? K. Khamis and colleagues suggest tryptophan-like fluorometers to do so. In their paper, they discuss a novel way of measuring pollutants thanks to this procedure, and also propose novel mathematical models to better conduct in situ experiments, thus avoiding the storage and transportation of samples.

When water is polluted with sewage or farm waste, the amount of dissolved organic matter (DOM) increases. Organic matter contains sugars, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins. The latter are biomolecules which have a very interesting property: fluorescence. Folded proteins are fluorescent, mainly because of the tryptophan residues, and they can absorb and emit light at 280 nm and 350 nm, respectively. As a consequence, fluorescence may be directly correlated with the quantity of organic waste dissolved in water.

However, very few fluorescence sensors have been developed to measure OM in freshwater, mostly because freshwater systems are quite dynamic in space and time. Moreover, certain factors such as temperature or suspended inorganic particles often alter the measurements. Temperature allows electrons to return to their ground-energy state without emitting any fluorescence. Additionally, soil particles can scatter light and reduce the fluorescence signal by up to 80%.

But Khamis and his team did not see a problem in this. On the contrary, they saw this fact as an opportunity to develop new tryptophan-like sensors and state-of-the art algorithms to minimize the effect of quenchers like temperature or soil particles. Researchers located in situ detectors near Birmingham to study urban streams and near Nottingham to study groundwater; they also took a wide set of samples which were analyzed in the lab.

The data obtained from these analyses was then compared to the in situ measurements. Using these two different groups of data, they elaborated mathematical models to compensate the effect of quenchers. These algorithms were fundamental to ensure the accuracy of the quantifications. When the corrections were applied, in situ and lab results appeared to correlate much better.

Thanks to these amazing results, scientists may soon be able to develop cheap, small sized, highly accurate tryptophan-like pollution sensors for freshwater. These detectors could be easily used in the field, hence completely eliminating the need to collect, preserve, store and carry around thousands of samples.

To access the full article, download a copy for free* by clicking the link below:

In situ tryptophan-like fluorometers: assessing turbidity and temperature effects for freshwater applications
K. Khamis, J. P. R. Sorensen, C. Bradley, D. M. Hannah, D. J. Lapworthc and R. Stevens
Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2015, 17, 740-752
DOI: 10.1039/C5EM00030K

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An improved insight into the behaviour of palladium in the environment

29 Apr 2015

The presence of common organic species in the environment could potentially transform metal species from a chemically inert form into more mobile and bioaccessible species, thus influencing the extent and nature of their potential ecological impacts. This collaboration between German and Canadian research institutions demonstrates how this phenomenon can impact the environmental behaviour of palladium, a metal of increasing environmental interest.

The environmental performance of road vehicles has been enhanced in the last 20 years by the use of three-way catalytic converters (TWCCs), which are shown to dramatically reduce emissions of CO₂ as well as organic pollutants.

The key active catalyst used in TWCCs is palladium (Pd), either used on its own or in combination with other metals such as platinum (Pt) and rhodium (Rh). Indeed, it is estimated that global consumption of Pd by the catalytic converter industry increased nearly 10-fold between 1993 and 2013. It has been indicated that the increased use of Pd in TWCCs has been accompanied by increasing environmental concentrations of Pd compounds observed in soils, sediments, plants and aquatic ecosystems.

This has therefore led researchers to question the possible post-emission transformation, mobility and bioavailability of Pd in the environment, and the factors influencing this behaviour. This type of research is essential in order to assess and reduce the potential ecological damage caused. It is known that organic constituents commonly present in soil, sediments and aquatic systems can form complexes with metals in the environment, which strongly influences the mobility of metals such as zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and cadmium (Cd). However, much less is known about the chemical behaviour of Pd-containing compounds in the presence of these naturally-occurring organic substances such as humic acids in the environment , and knowledge regarding the environmental behaviour and mobility of Pd under typical environmental conditions is limited.

This study by Fathi Zereini and co-workers quantitatively examines the chemical mass transfer, stability and solubility of Pd in the presence of organic complexing agents and the key factors (such as the pH and concentration of organic species) influencing this process, to better understand the potential behaviour of Pd resulting from catalytic converters under typical environmental conditions. The investigation conducted batch experiments using metallic Pd and Pd(II) oxide catalyst particles to investigate the transformation and solubility of these particles in the presence of ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA), a common metal chelating agent, which is ubiquitous in the environment.

The results of this experiment demonstrate that, while the EDTA has little impact on the chemical state of Pd oxide, the elemental form of Pd metal used in catalytic converters can be solubilised post-emission under ambient conditions. The pH of Pd-EDTA solutions was shown to modulate Pd solubility and solubility was found to increase with a corresponding increase in the strength of the EDTA concentrations used, in addition to the length of extraction time.

This study therefore indicates that the presence of EDTA can oxidize small amounts of Pd emitted in metallic form into the environment from catalytic converters, thereby contributing to an enhanced mobility and possible bioaccessibility of this metal. These results contrast with previous assumptions that metallic Pd present in soils is chemically inert and immobile.

To access the full article, download a copy for free* by clicking the link below.

The influence of ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) on the transformation and solubility of metallic palladium and palladium(II) oxide in the environment
Fathi Zereini, Clare L. S. Wiseman, My Vang, Peter Albers, Wolfgang Schneider, Roland Schindl and Kerstin Leopold
Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2015, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C5EM00078e

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About the webwriter

Ian Keyte is a Doctoral Researcher at the University of Birmingham. His research focuses on the sources, behavior and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere.

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Salty soil set to hamper Bangladesh crop production

10 Apr 2015

Salty soil set to hamper Bangladesh crop production

Scientists have quantified the effect of climate change on soil salinity and crop production in Bangladesh. Their models suggest the monsoon will be unable to fully leach dry season salt deposits and that salt accumulation will become a major issue for farmers in coastal regions with farm productivity dropping by as much as 50%.

The team discovered that irrigation with water that contained a salinity measure of 8ppt resulted in incomplete salt leaching and an average crop loss of 50%. This level of damage is likely to make farming unsustainable and since salinisation is difficult to counteract, the ESPA Delta project is now researching salt tolerant crops.

To read the full article, please visit ChemistryWorld.

Projections of on-farm salinity in coastal Bangladesh
D. Clarke, S. Williams, M. Jahiruddin, K. Parks and M. SalehinEnviron. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2015, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C4EM00682H

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Improving phosphorous monitoring

02 Apr 2015

Improving our insight into nutrient cycling in lake systems is essential to appropriately tackle the problem of eutrophication. Researchers from the University of Oslo and the Norwegian Institute for Water Research present a technique for monitoring bioavailable phosphorous (P) concentrations, which can provide advantages over conventional water sampling and potentially open an exciting new direction for research in this field.

It is widely established that eutrophication causes serious deterioration of fresh and marine waters. The primary cause is an excessive input of plant nutrients (e.g. N and P) to water courses from human activities such as agriculture or sewage treatment, causing excessive development of algae, which severely disturbs aquatic ecosystems. The WHO has highlighted the key environmental and health risks associated with eutrophication and the need to adequately tackle this problem.

Current abatement actions, such as redirecting sewage wastewater and reducing the P input from agriculture have had limited effectiveness in many cases. This has brought attention to the role of the background flux of P in river catchments; for example, the input of Dissolved Natural Organic Matter (DNOM) and in particular the role of bioavailable low-molecular-weight organic phosphorus (LMWOP) compounds such as nucleic acid derivatives, phospholipids and sugar phosphates.

The fluctuating and very low concentrations of these compounds present major challenges in the monitoring of the bioavailable P fraction by conventional methods. This study by Christian Wilhelm Mohr and co-workers presents a technique for monitoring the ambient concentrations of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) and dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP), especially the LMWOP DOP sub-fraction, using Diffusive Gradient in Thin Films (DGTs).

DGTs have been used as passive samplers based on their linear diffusive uptake of components, which allows time average concentrations to be determined for species commonly present in concentrations close to the limit of detection. However, the present challenge is how to use the amount of analyte determined from the DGTs to predict the ambient concentration of LMWOP and therefore gain better insight into the long- and short-term variation of DRP and DOP concentrations in different systems. Consequently, the ultimate aim is to use this technique to carry of real-world risk assessments.

In this study, DGTs fitted with phosphate adsorbent Fe-oxide binding gel were used to collect the orthophosphate and LMWOP compounds, adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) respectively, in experimental test solutions. Theoretical modelling was used to determine diffusion coefficient (D) values, a key parameter relating the amount of analyte measured by the DGT to the time averaged ambient concentration. Validation of DGT data was performed by comparing concentrations of P fractions determined in water samples, collected via conventional means with concentrations using DGT, in three 1st order streams draining different types of catchments (e.g. forest, mixed and agriculture).

The authors discuss the appropriate use of DGT sampling data, explaining that because the relative distribution of LMWOP molecules will differ between different catchments, a range of model-derived D values should be investigated. It is suggested this could allow a ‘best fit’ of D values for different sites and a “tailored” D value for different individual water bodies to be determined in order to practically use the DGTs for estimating time average DOP.

It was shown that the DGT method was successful in the linear uptake of AMP and IP6, and could therefore potentially be applied to other LMWOP compounds. The catchment study indicated a reasonable agreement between the dissolved P fractions determined from water samples and by DGTs and that the stream water samples from the different catchments showed clear differences in relative and absolute concentrations of DRP and DOP. This study demonstrates that the use of DGT can help improve our insight into the cycling of P in eutrophic lakes and specifically the spatial variation of ambient levels of DRP and LMWOP in these systems. However, the models tested for estimating D for different LMWOP molecules are still too uncertain for practical use.

The authors note that more studies are needed to better quantify the distribution of DOP with molecular weight for a variety of catchments with different land-use. For example, further experimental and sampling studies will be needed to determine D values for a wider range of LMWOP molecules so that better calibration and validation of model performance can be performed and different environmental conditions (e.g. pH) can be investigated.

To access the full article, download a copy for free* by clicking the link below.

An in-depth assessment into simultaneous monitoring of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) and low-molecular-weight organic phosphorus (LMWOP) in aquatic environments using diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT)
Christian Wilhelm Mohr, Rolf David Vogt, Oddvar Røyset, Tom Andersen and Neha Amit Parekh
Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2015, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C4EM00688G

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About the webwriter

Ian Keyte is a Doctoral Researcher at the University of Birmingham. His research focuses on the sources, behavior and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere.

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* Access is free through a registered RSC account.

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Introducing Desirée Plata, new Editorial Board member

26 Mar 2015

Continuing our series of blog posts introducing the newest Editorial Board members of Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, in this article we are delighted to welcome Desirée Plata as a new Editorial Board member of the journal!

Dr Plata holds a Ph.D. in Environmental Chemistry and Chemical Oceanography from the MIT and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. She has a B.S. in Chemistry from Union College and proudly attended Gould Academy for high school.

Desirée’s Research

Desirée’s interests focus on improving the development of novel chemicals and engineered systems to include environmental objectives, along with traditional performance and cost metrics.

She seeks to predict and mitigate environmental damage through physiochemical understanding of material reactivity, prognostic fate models, and geochemical analyses. Also, she is working towards the design of benign syntheses via mechanistic understanding of chemical reactions used in industrial processes.

MY RESEARCH VISION:

“I envision a future in which technological solutions do more good than harm. In particular, I think environmental scientists should work with material and process designers to ensure technologies that both sustain and advance environmental health.

My group strives to have this synergy result in a product or process that is not only better for the environment, but better performing as well. I believe this type of work will eventually redefine the role of environmental scientists and engineers in innovation and, ultimately, the approach to innovation globally.”

Make sure you don’t miss out on the latest journal news by registering your details to receive the regular Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts e-alert.

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Timing is everything: renewable energy generation and air quality impacts

23 Mar 2015

The time of day or year at which emissions of pollutants occur has a major impact on the air quality in ‘receptor’ areas downwind of their source. This study by researchers from the Department of Climate, Air and Sustainability at TNO in Utrecht, Netherlands, describes the significance of this observation for policy makers approaching the transition of energy generation, from fossil fuels to renewable sources.

Air pollution is currently a major threat to public health. Failure to adequately tackle this problem could have significant socio-economic consequences. Indeed the OECD predicts that poor ambient air quality is projected to be the leading environmental cause of mortality by 2050. It is almost universally acknowledged that fossil fuel combustion for energy generation is unsustainable and emits large volumes of greenhouse gases and pollutants (such as PM, NOx and SO2) that adversely affect public health.

Under EU regulation, at least 20% of energy generation will need to come from renewable sources by 2020. It is expected that most countries will increase their generation of electricity from wind and solar (PV) in order to achieve this. These energy sources are intermittent and will depend strongly on the prevailing weather conditions, so they will not be available at all times. In the short term, this means a ‘back-up’ of fossil fuel-generated energy will be needed at times when renewable supply is lower.

This will shift the temporal variability of emissions, which will impact upon the so called source receptor relations (SRRs) of air pollutant concentrations in different regions. It is essential that mitigation strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are designed with an appreciation for what the air quality impacts will be. Currently, the integrated assessment modelling of SRRs is designed using invariant emission time profiles. This study by Hendricks and co-workers explores the impact of changing the time profiles of emissions on the observed air pollutant SRRs.

The investigation used the energy system model REMix (Renewable Energy Mix For Sustainable Electricity Supply) to calculate the hourly availability of renewable electricity based on meteorological conditions.

The emission profiles for the subsequent backup generation could then be derived. Two emissions scenarios were tested, assuming increased contributions from wind and solar PV to the total energy generation in Europe, replacing fossil fuels, as well as a ‘baseline’ scenario using the current energy mix. The time profiles were then used in the Chemistry Transport Model LOTOS-EURO, equipped with a source attribution module , to investigate the effect of emission timing on air concentrations and SRRs for key pollutants such as NOx, SO2 and PM10.

Increasing the contribution of renewable energy in place of fossil fuel combustion is expected to result in lower emissions of air pollutants, when emission profiles are assumed to be constant. However, the results of this study suggest that the air quality improvements are lower when the temporal variability in emissions due to the intermittent nature of wind and solar energy generation is taken into account by the integrated assessment models. Several temporal factors (including seasonality in emissions, occurrence of stagnant weather conditions reducing dispersion, and the diurnal cycles of atmospheric components) are shown to influence the air concentrations and SRRs of the pollutants studied.

This work demonstrates that there is a need to assess the impact of different emission timing scenarios on the air pollutant SRRs, when managing the transition from fossil fuel to renewable energy generation. With their observations, the authors warn that the assumption that current climate change policies will have associated co-benefits for air quality is too optimistic, and recommend the design of a more detailed emission model of the energy sector to carefullyexamine the impacts of energy transition.

To access the full article, download a copy for free* by clicking the link below.

A shift in emission time profiles of fossil fuel combustion due to energy transitions impacts source receptor matrices for air quality
Carlijn Hendriks, Jeroen Kuenen, Richard Kranenburg, Yvonne Scholz and Martijn Schaap
Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2015,17, 510-524
DOI: 10.1039/C4EM00444B

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About the webwriter

Ian Keyte is a Doctoral Researcher at the University of Birmingham. His research focuses on the sources, behavior and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere.

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* Access is free through a registered RSC account

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February’s HOT Articles

19 Mar 2015

These HOT articles were recommended by our referees and are free* to access for 4 weeks

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A review of arsenic and its impacts in groundwater of the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna delta, Bangladesh
W. M. Edmunds, K. M. Ahmed and P. G. Whitehead
DOI: 10.1039/C4EM00673A,

10.1039/C4EM00673A

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10.1039/C5EM00030K

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Check our Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts HOT Articles collection!

*Access is free until 16/04/15 through a publishing personal account. It’s quick, easy and free to register!

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AIRMON 2014 Themed Collection

26 Feb 2015

We are delighted to announce the publication of our latest themed issue dedicated to AIRMON 2014.

This themed collection gathers together reviews, primary research articles and communications from the 8th International Symposium on Modern Principles of Air Monitoring and Biomonitoring .

There is a growing need for air and biological monitoring within the preventive context of identifying health hazards at the workplace and in the environment and of keeping them under control. In recent years there has been continuous development in this field, and it is essential to promote knowledge of newly developed methods and strategies.

The symposium was an opportunity for an interchange of ideas among researchers, specialists in exposure assessment strategies and analytical air sampling methodologies, policy makers and practitioners in occupational health and environmental science. We are honoured to be the official Publisher for papers from AIRMON 2014 in Marseilles, France.

Editorial

Introduction to papers published from the AIRMON symposium, Marseille, France, 15–19 June 2014
Peter Görner
Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2015, 17, 259-260
DOI: 10.1039/C5EM90004B

Papers

Development and field testing of a miniaturized sampling system for simultaneous sampling of vapours and droplets
Dietmar Breuer, George C. Dragan, Claudia Friedrich, Carsten Möhlmann and Ralf Zimmermann
Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2015, 17, 278-287
DOI: 10.1039/C4EM00602J

Influence of combined dust reducing carpet and compact air filtration unit on the indoor air quality of a classroom
Paul T. J. Scheepers, Jeroen J. de Hartog, Judith Reijnaerts, Gwendolyn Beckmann, Rob Anzion, Katrien Poels and Lode Godderis
Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2015, 17, 316-325
DOI: 10.1039/C4EM00506F

A laboratory study of the performance of the handheld diffusion size classifier (DiSCmini) for various aerosols in the 15–400 nm range
S. Bau, B. Zimmermann, R. Payet and O. Witschger
Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2015, 17, 261-269
DOI: 10.1039/C4EM00491D

An evaluation of the “GGP” personal samplers under semi-volatile aerosols: sampling losses and their implication on occupational risk assessment
George C. Dragan, Dietmar Breuer, Morten Blaskowitz, Erwin Karg, Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis, Jose M. Arteaga-Salas, Hermann Nordsieck and Ralf Zimmermann
Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2015, 17, 270-277
DOI: 10.1039/C4EM00468J

Measurement of organic and elemental carbon in downtown Rome and background area: physical behavior and chemical speciation
Pasquale Avino, Maurizio Manigrasso, Alberto Rosada and Alessandro Dodaro
Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2015, 17, 300-315
DOI: 10.1039/C4EM00471J

Evaluation of bioaerosol exposures during hospital bronchoscopy examinations
Jacques Lavoie, Geneviève Marchand, Yves Cloutier, Stéphane Hallé, Sylvie Nadeau, Caroline Duchaine and Gilbert Pichette
Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2015, 17, 288-299
DOI: 10.1039/C4EM00359D

We hope you enjoy reading this collection as much as we did!

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Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts blog

Author Archive

A robot that identifies toxic bacteria in shallow water

2nd National Environmental Eco-Toxicology Conference

Using fluorescence to measure the quality of water

An improved insight into the behaviour of palladium in the environment

Salty soil set to hamper Bangladesh crop production

Improving phosphorous monitoring

Introducing Desirée Plata, new Editorial Board member

Timing is everything: renewable energy generation and air quality impacts

February’s HOT Articles

AIRMON 2014 Themed Collection

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