Author Archive

Introducing our new Associate Editors

We are delighted to introduce Helen Hsu-Kim, Matthew MacLeod and Paul Tratnyek as three new Associate Editors for Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts.

Helen, Matt and Paul join Liang-Hong Guo and Ed Kolodziej as Associate Editors handling submissions to the journal – more details about their research interests are given below.


Helen Hsu-Kim
Duke University, USA

Heileen (Helen) Hsu-Kim is the Yoh Family Associate Professor of Environmental Engineering at Duke University. Her expertise areas include aquatic geochemistry, biogeochemistry of metal pollutants in the environment, and nanogeoscience.

Ongoing research activities in Dr. Hsu-Kim’s group include studies on mercury biogeochemistry and remediation, mineral-microbe interactions, the disposal implications and reuse opportunities for coal ash, and the environmental impacts of nanotechnology. Additional details of the Hsu-Kim research group can be found online here.

Please note that Professor Hsu-Kim will start handling submissions starting on June 2016.


Matthew MacLeod
Stockholm University, Sweden

Matthew MacLeod is Professor of Environmental Chemistry at the Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry at Stockholm University. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Chemistry from the University of Victoria (British Columbia, Canada), and a PhD in Environmental Chemistry from Trent University (Ontario, Canada).

He was a post-doctoral fellow at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, California, USA, and a Research Group Leader at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zürich, Switzerland.

Since 2010 he has been a faculty member at Stockholm University, Sweden.  Prof. MacLeod’s research interests include the fate, exposure and effects of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), modeling chemical pollutants, and environmental impacts of micro- and macro-plastics.


Paul Tratnyek
Oregon Health & Science University, USA

Paul G. Tratnyek is currently Professor, and Associate Head, in the Division of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems (EBS) and Institute of Environmental Health (IEH), at the Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU).

He received his Ph.D. in Applied Chemistry from the Colorado School of Mines (CSM) in 1987; served as a National Research Council Postdoctoral Fellow at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Laboratory in Athens, GA (ERD-Athens), during 1988; and as a Research Associate at the Swiss Federal Institute for Water Resources and Water Pollution Control (EAWAG) from 1989 to 1991.

His research concerns the physico-chemical processes that control the fate and effects of environmental substances, including minerals, metals (for remediation), organics (as contaminants), and nanoparticles (for remediation, as contaminants, and in biomedical applications).

Dr. Tratnyek is best known for his work on the degradation of groundwater contaminants with zero-valent metals, but his interests extend to all aspects of contaminant reduction and oxidation (redox) in all aquatic media. Some of his recent work emphasizes the fate/remediation of emerging contaminants (e.g., nanoparticles and 1,2,3-trichloropropane).

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The appointments of Helen, Matt, and Paul, illustrate the exciting future for Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, as outlined by Editor-in-Chief Professor Kris McNeill in his recent Editorial. We are delighted to welcome them to the Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts team.

Interested in the latest news, research and events of the Environmental Science journals? Find us on Twitter: @EnvSciRSC

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Charcoal from summer barbecuing to soil remediation?

Well, not quite. But in recent years researchers have been exploring the potential of using “biochar” to remediate soil contaminated with organic chemicals. Similar to but definitely not the charcoal commonly used during barbecue season, biochar is made by heating biomass such as fruit peels in oxygen-limited conditions. Its physical and chemical characteristics impart an exceptional ability to sorb chemicals, especially organic chemicals, and reduce their bioavailability in soil.

A new study by Xu and co-workers at Peking University and the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences focuses on two widespread organic chemicals: bisphenol A (BPA) and 17α-ethylyneestradiol (EE2). BPA is used for manufacturing polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Thus, it is found in a multitude of commonly used products such as cars, food storage containers, and electronic equipment. EE2 is a synthetic estrogen most commonly used as an ingredient in birth control pills.

Both of these chemicals have been found to be endocrine disrupters, and can be transported to soils via wastewater irrigation, sludge fertilizers and landfill leachates. As both chemicals are quite hydrophobic, Xu et al. hypothesized that biochar added to soil would significantly sorb BPA and EE2, and as a result would also affect leaching and dissipation of the chemicals.

The researchers tested this hypothesis by adding biochar derived from corn stalks to soil in a series of lab experiments. First, sorption studies involved adding biochar at a level of 4 wt% to soils spiked with 0.01 or 0.1 mg/L of both BPA and EE2, and measuring the amount of the chemicals in both the soil solids and the soil water after equilibrium was established in about 7 days.

They found that the soils containing biochar increased the solid-water distribution coefficients by at least 200% for BPA and EE2 respectively, relative to the soils with no biochar. Next, leaching experiments meant to simulate repeated rainfall events compared biochar-free soils to those with 1, 2 and 4 wt% of biochar, all of which were spiked with BPA and EE2 at levels reflective of environmentally contaminated soils. Biochar-amended soils decreased the amount of leached BPA by 19 to 53% and EE2 by 42 to 77%.

Biochar created by pyrolysis. Image: Wikipedia.org

A final set of incubation experiments used soils spiked in a similar manner to those used in the leaching experiments. All soils, including a biochar-free control, were left outdoors at ambient temperatures for three months. Portions of the soils were sampled at 1, 30 and 90 days, and analyzed for their total and bioavailable BPA and EE2 content. The results showed no significant effect on the dissipation of the two chemicals in soil, but large reductions in the bioavailable fractions of BPA and EE2 in soil.

In addition to holding much promise for removing various organic residues from soil, other benefits of biochar in soil include carbon sequestration, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and improving crop production. The long-term stability of biochar in soil further highlights the multi-faceted potential of biochar as a soil amendment.



To read more about Xu and co-workers’ investigation into biochar’s ability to reduce the mobility of two widespread organic contaminants, download a copy of the full article for free*:

Influence of biochar on sorption, leaching and dissipation of bisphenol A and 17α-ethynylestradiol in soil
N Xu, B Zhang, G Tan, J Li and H Wang
Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2015, 17, 1722-1730
DOI: 10.1039/C5EM00190K

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About the webwriter

Abha Parajulee is a Ph.D. student at the University of Toronto Scarborough. She is interested in water resources and the behavior of organic contaminants in urban environments.

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* Access is free until 01/12/2016 through a registered RSC account.

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8th National Conference on Environmental Chemistry

The 8th National Conference on Environmental Chemistry (NCEC) was held in Guangzhou, China, 5th – 8th November 2015. The topic of this conference was Innovation and Development in Environmental Chemistry, based on the latest progress on the discipline.

The conference was a success with many events taking place during the conference, including environmental protection and analytical instrument exhibitions, academic posters, and graduate student symposiums.

Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts was proud to sponsor 5 oral prizes during this event. The winners were:

Haichao Wang (Peking University)
Simulation of NO3 free radicals in North China Plain and the research of measurement instrument

Aruo Nan (Guangzhou Medical University)
The functional and mechanism of non encoding RNA in nerve injury induced by environmental lead exposure

Rong Jin (Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, CAS)
The characteristics of polychlorinated naphthalenes generated in the process of waste derived fuel in cement kilns

Xiang Wu (Zhejiang University)
Speciation of tipical organic pollutants in soil

Fengzhen Zhang (South China University of Technology)
Study on degradation of organic pollutants in water by ozone catalytic zinc ferrite



The picture shows the winners of the Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts oral prizes during the 8th NCEC


Congratulations! The judges of the prize thought the quality of the presentations were really high and, from the Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts team, we would like to thank all the students that attended or presented at the meeting.

Many congratulations from the Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts team

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Renewable Chemicals from Waste symposium

Don’t miss out! Submit your poster abstract for the Renewable Chemicals from Waste symposium – deadline 27th September.

Improved waste valorization demands that we salvage the molecular value inherent in waste streams. This interdisciplinary symposium aims to spotlight the research and applications which take us to the next stage where value chemicals are being captured in combination with more conventional waste valorization processes.

Confirmed speakers include leading academic and industrial scientists. Key themes include: bio-refinery approaches to recover molecular complexity as well as energy, high value metals and other inorganic chemicals plus horizon scanning.

Chair of the Committee, Professor James Clark looks forward to welcoming you to Burlington House, London on 20th November for this exciting symposium!

Poster abstract deadline: 27th September

Registration deadline: 6th November

Download the Sponsorship Menu.

For further details, please contact us

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Assessing the impacts of human activity on plants in one of the world’s most remote regions

These days it seems human activity knows no bounds, reaching as far as the polar regions which have seen an increased flurry of anthropogenic disturbance due to research and tourism. As a result of these activities, fuel spills and their detrimental effects on the local ecosystem are not uncommon in the sub-Antarctic and Antarctic.

It has been estimated that soil in the Antarctic covering an area the size of (10 million cubic meters) is contaminated with hydrocarbons. This environment presents barriers to natural removal of hydrocarbons including low nutrient content and low temperatures that limit microbial activity, as well as low rates of volatilization and evaporation caused by the same reason. Establishing reasonable remediation targets requires a thorough understanding of the biological effects of petroleum hydrocarbons, which can be achieved using biological assays. Though international protocols for such assays have been modified for application to Arctic and cold-climate species, our knowledge of the effects of hydrocarbons on plants in these regions is still lacking.

A recent study by Macoustra and co-workers is one of the few to provide such data for the sub-Antarctic region. The researchers first collected seeds from 12 native plants on Macquarie Island, the site of one of Australia’s scientific research stations and multiple diesel fuel spills. They tested the seeds for their suitability for bioassays in the lab, and used the species that successfully germinated in a second bioassay involving exposure to a range of diesel concentrations in soils, at both high and low organic carbon contents. Only four species were able to germinate during the second bioassay, indicating that diesel-contaminated soils reduced germination success.

Using the four species that germinated during the second bioassay, a final bioassay was performed over a 28 day period, again with soils exhibiting a range of diesel contamination and either low or high organic carbon content. The endpoints assessed were germination success, and early-life root and shoot growth. The researchers found that soils with low organic carbon content were generally more toxic to plants than high organic carbon content, and attribute this to the lower bioavailability of organic contaminants associated with higher levels of organic matter, in addition to higher nutrient levels that promote plant growth and higher rates of microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. Root growth was the most sensitive endpoint, likely due to the high permeability of early-life root tissues.

Though the concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons necessary to inhibit early growth were similar to those likely to be found very close to a spill site, the unique conditions in the sub-Antarctic that greatly inhibit hydrocarbon loss processes mean that such concentrations can persist in the environment.

Prior to this study by Macoustra and co-workers, there was no such toxicity data for early life stages of native sub-Antarctic plants exposed to petroleum hydrocarbons. This data is extremely useful for models currently being developed to assist in creating remediation targets for the sub-Antarctic, as the models require a certain number of species from a minimum number of taxonomic groups.


To read more about this research, download a copy of the manuscript for free* by clicking the link below.

Impact of hydrocarbons from a diesel fuel on the germination and early growth of subantarctic plants
GK Macoustra, CK King, J Wasley, SA Robinson and DF Jolley
Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2015, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C4EM00680A

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About the webwriter

Abha Parajulee is a Ph.D. student at the University of Toronto Scarborough. She is interested in water resources and the behavior of organic contaminants in urban environments.

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* Access is free until 06/09/2015 through a registered RSC account.

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Hungry Ghost festival behind annual air quality decline in Singapore

Researchers in Singapore have linked late-summer spikes in air and rainwater pollution with incense and paper offerings being burnt during local celebrations of the Hungry Ghost festival.

During the month-long festival, when deceased relatives are believed to return to their families, colourful joss paper and ‘hell bank notes’ are burned as gifts for the visiting ancestors to take back to the underworld.

[…]

To read the full article, please visit Chemistry World.

Annual air pollution caused by the Hungry Ghost Festival
B. Khezri, Y. Y. Chan, L. Y. D. Tiong and R. D. Webster
Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2015, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C5EM00312A

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Detecting endocrine disrupting chemicals in wastewater

Some steroidal estrogens and certain polyphenols may be a threat to aquatic ecosystems. These compounds, usually known as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) pollute our water inducing a potential ecological risk. They may be artificial waste products from chemical industries, but some are natural hormones excreted by cattle, poultry, or even humans. Some of them (like estriol or 4-nonyl-phenol) have been linked with very serious problems like decreasing fertility or causing feminisation in fish.

Thus, having a validated method to estimate the concentration of EDCs in water comes in handy, especially for the detection of these contaminants in the effluent of wastewater treatment plants. Treatment plants act as the last barrier before EDCs are permanently released in the environment.

A group of researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences has developed a new analytical method to determine the concentration of up to 12 different EDC contaminants. They have optimised an easy pretreatment that avoids enzymatic digestion of the samples, hence allowing for the first time the detection of the different EDCs conjugated salt forms (sulphate and glucuronide). As these EDC conjugates predominate in urine and faeces, having a method to analyse them effectively is useful to know the origin of these pollutants.

This particular analytical method uses state of the art ultra high performance chromatography (UPLC) and MS/MS detectors to improve limits of quantification to small amounts of EDCs down to 0.04 nanograms per litre. The experiments have determined that some species, like 17b-estradiol and all the glucuronide conjugates, are completely removed from wastewater after treatment.

Others, on the other hand, are only partially eliminated (removals may vary between 34 and 95% of the amount of EDC in the influent). The risk of not eliminating these contaminants from the effluent, ultimately released in the environment, has to be studied in depth.


Click on the link below to read the full article for free*:
Simultaneous detection of endocrine disrupting chemicals including conjugates in municipal wastewater and sludge with enhanced sample pretreatment and UPLC-MS/MS
Bing Zhu, Weiwei Ben, Xiangjuan Yuan, Yu Zhang, Min Yang and Zhimin Qiang
Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2015, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C5EM00139K


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About the webwriter

Fernando Gomollon-Bel is a PhD Student at the ISQCH (CSICUniversity of Zaragoza). His research focuses on asymmetric organic synthesis using sugars as chiral-pool starting materials towards the production of fungical transglycosidase inhibitors.

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* Access is free until 24/08/2015 through a registered RSC account.

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1st Chemistry in Energy Conference

The Energy Sector interest group of the Royal Society of Chemistry successfully organised the 1st Chemistry in Energy conference. This event was hosted at Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 20th-22nd July 2015.

During the conference, Professor John Irvine (St Andrew’s University) was presented as the winner of the 2015 Sustainable Energy Award. This prestigious RSC Award is given for the contributions of chemical sciences to sustainable energy, including development or understanding of materials and processes and the improvement of existing technologies through the application of the chemical sciences.

We would like to congratulate John on his award and thank him for his outstanding and sustained contributions to low carbon energy generation, in particular the development of electrode materials for solid oxide fuel cells.

He was presented with his medal by Professor Mercedes Maroto-Valer (Energy Sector representative) and gave his inaugural award lecture titled “Low carbon energy generation and the development of electrode materials for solid oxide fuel cells” as part of a special session during the conference.

The picture shows Cesar Palmero, (RSC Development Editor), John Irvine (2015 Sustainable
Energy Award Winner) and Mercedes Maroto-Valer (RSC Energy Sector Representative)



Take a look at some of the latest publications by Professor John Irvine:

Guan Zhang, Chengsheng Ni, Lingjuan Liu, Guixia Zhao, Federica Fina and John T. S. Irvine
J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015,3, 15413-15419

Nano-composite structural Ni–Sn alloy anodes for high performance and durability of direct methane-fueled SOFCs
Jae-ha Myung, Sun-Dong Kim, Tae Ho Shin, Daehee Lee, John T. S. Irvine, Jooho Moon and Sang-Hoon Hyun
J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015,3, 13801-13806

Hierarchically nanoporous La1.7Ca0.3CuO4−δ and La1.7Ca0.3NixCu1−xO4−δ (0.25 ≤ x ≤ 0.75) as potential cathode materials for IT-SOFCs
Xiubing Huang, Tae Ho Shin, Jun Zhou and John T. S. Irvine
J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015,3, 13468-13475

Oxygen storage capacity and thermal stability of the CuMnO2–CeO2 composite system
Xiubing Huang, Chengsheng Ni, Guixia Zhao and John T. S. Irvine
J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015,3, 12958-12964

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Additionally, ES: Processes & Impacts is delighted to announce a high profile web collection on chemistry in energy, in conjunction with the organisers of this 1st Chemistry in Energy conference. Authors of accepted conference presentations (oral and poster) are invited to submit a full paper for possible inclusion in this web collection.

All manuscripts must fit within the scope of the journal to be considered for the collection and will be refereed in accordance to the standard procedures of Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts. In this respect, invited articles will be treated in the same way as regular submissions to the journal.

The deadline for receipt of manuscripts for this themed is 30 September 2015. Please feel free to get in touch with the editorial office at ESPI-RSC@rsc.org if you have any questions about this collection.

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RSC awards and prizes recognise excellence across the chemical sciences. Why not nominate someone?
Nominations for 2016 open on the 1st October 2015.

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Developing new models to understand social problems in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is, sadly, the centre of a wide variety of meteorological disasters (cyclones, floods, saline water intrusion…). Moreover, it is one of the most vulnerable countries on Earth to any sea-level rise that global climate change may cause. In addition to all of this, Bangladesh population is quickly growing, and it is now one of the most densely populated nations. All these factors affect, of course, the country’s agricultural system and correlate directly with its ability to feed the population. A recently published paper proposes the creation of a new model framework to study both macro- and micro-scale environmental processes and link these to the prosperity of the Bangladeshi households.

Thanks to the efforts of both the government and the people of Bangladesh, poverty level has decreased from 70 to 43 percent in less than twenty years. However, poverty levels are higher in coastal regions, such as the area of this study. Could climate change aggravate this situation? To estimate this, the authors developed a new model that takes into consideration a broad diversity of factors.

To begin with, they have used mathematical models created by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to estimate the crop productivity. These models were enhanced with climate, soil salinity, cropping patterns and market price data from diverse databases. Also, they have studied demographic information from different sources.

Additionally, they have added what is one of the major innovations of this particular model: financial data of individuals and families. Thus, researchers were able to evaluate and analyse the complex relationship between nature, agriculture and day-to-day life of farmers.

Some conclusions were quite surprising: i.e., if farmers increased their productivity substantially, they would experience a very small increase in their income. This is mainly due to a quite extended access to credit that has led families to assume debt they cannot afford, even working longer hours. Besides, these study points out that crop diversification may not help overcome climate change. Nonetheless, these are the first results of a very new prediction model. This opens new opportunities to further analyses, research and improvements on the models for a better understanding of the situation in Bangladesh.



To read more about this study, download a copy for free* by clicking the link below.

Agricultural livelihoods in coastal Bangladesh under climate and environmental change – a model framework
Attila N. Lázár, Derek Clarke, Helen Adams, Abdur Razzaque Akanda, Sylvia Szabo, Robert J. Nicholls, Zoe Matthews, Dilruba Begum, Abul Fazal M. Saleh, Md. Anwarul Abedin, Andres Payo, Peter Kim Streatfield, Craig Hutton, M. Shahjahan Mondal and Abu Zofar Md. Moslehuddin
Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2015,17, 1018-1031
DOI: 10.1039/C4EM00600C

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About the webwriter

Fernando Gomollon-Bel is a PhD Student at the ISQCH (CSICUniversity of Zaragoza). His research focuses on asymmetric organic synthesis using sugars as chiral-pool starting materials towards the production of fungical transglycosidase inhibitors.

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* Access is free until 16/08/2015 through a registered RSC account.

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Seeing an unseen carbon sink

Wetlands may have a small global footprint, but provide several important services including improving water quality, and providing flood protection and erosion control. In recent years, they have become increasingly recognized for their strong ability to sequester carbon. Despite covering only six to nine percent of the Earth’s surface, it is estimated that they store upwards of 35% of terrestrial carbon.

Whether an ecosystem (such as a wetland) is a carbon source or a carbon sink is determined by its net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE). Accurate estimates of NEE in turn require accurate estimates of Gross Primary Production (GPP), which is a measure of how much carbon is fixed in plants during photosynthesis –the main pathway for transport of carbon from the atmosphere to the land. GPP can be measured directly in the field. However, these direct measurements are both financially costly and time-consuming.

A promising approach to estimate GPP that overcomes these hurdles uses empirical modeling to correlate GPP with related biogeophysical parameters derived from remote sensing data. These biogeophysical data can be much easier to obtain than field measurements of GPP, especially if the data are available for free, as is the case with data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), an instrument onboard two NASA satellites.

Data derived from instruments such as MODIS that are useful for estimating GPP and NEE include land surface temperatures and vegetation indices. These indices describe the health or density of vegetation. Numerous studies have been conducted to estimate the GPP of ecosystems such as forests, croplands and grasslands using remote sensing data. A recent study by Wu and co-workers, from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, is one of the few studies to focus on the GPP of wetlands.

For an estuarine wetland in eastern China, the authors extracted various biogeophysical parameters from MODIS data, and correlated these parameters with field-measured GPP. When validating their model, the authors found that they were able to estimate the GPP of their study site with a high degree of accuracy. However, they caution that their model cannot simply be taken as-is and applied to different climates and ecosystems.

As the authors demonstrate, certain relationships in the model can vary from one ecosystem to another. For example, the relationship that uses land surface temperatures and vegetation indices to estimate light use efficiency, a measure of carbon fixation via photosynthesis, will be different for a boreal forest relative to an estuarine wetland. As yet, the model has only been validated for one particular wetland across several 8-day periods. Thus, the model still needs to be tested on other wetlands and other ecosystem types to evaluate its performance within and across ecosystem types.

Despite the relative newness of this model, its performance so far combined with the free availability, high temporal resolution, and wide spatial coverage of the MODIS data it requires mean it shows great potential for simplifying the way in which we estimate an ecosystem’s ability to sequester carbon.


To access the full article and read more about using satellite data to “see” how well wetlands take up carbon, download a copy for free* by clicking the link below.

Combining remote sensing and eddy covariance data to monitor the gross primary production of an estuarine wetland ecosystem in East China
Mingquan Wu, Shakir Muhammad, Fang Chen, Zheng Niu and Changyao Wang
Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2015, 17, 753-7625
DOI: 10.1039/C5EM00061K

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About the webwriter

Abha Parajulee is a Ph.D. student at the University of Toronto Scarborough. She is interested in water resources and the behavior of organic contaminants in urban environments.

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* Access is free until 24/07/2015 through a registered RSC account.

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