Archive for August, 2013

A focus on solar photovoltaics

The RSC would like to share with you a collection of recent  journal articles and books in the area of solar photovoltaics.

You can read selected articles for free until the 31st October 2013 by clicking on the links below.

We hope that you enjoy the collection!

Did you know that the RSC has put together a webpage on solar photovoltaics, which brings together information on activities for scientists, policymakers, educators and young people? Take a look today…

We have also put together a collection of articles on solar fuels and artificial photosynthesis, which are also free until the end of October. You can view this collection here…

Reviews and Perspectives

FREE: Photosensitized electron transfer processes of nanocarbons applicable to solar cells
Francis D’Souza and Osamu Ito
Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, DOI: 10.1039/C1CS15201G, Tutorial Review

FREE: Novel nanostructures for next generation dye-sensitized solar cells
Nicolas Tétreault and Michael Grätzel
Energy Environ. Sci., 2012, DOI: 10.1039/C2EE03242B, Perspective

FREE: Porphyrin-sensitized solar cells
Lu-Lin Li and Eric Wei-Guang Diau
Chem. Soc. Rev, 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C2CS35257E, Review Article

FREE: Carbon nanotube-based heterostructures for solar energy applications
Lei Wang, Haiqing Liu, Robert M. Konik, James A. Misewich and Stanislaus S. Wong
Chem. Soc. Rev., 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C3CS60088B, Review Article

FREE: Semiconductor nanowires: a platform for exploring limits and concepts for nano-enabled solar cells
Thomas J. Kempa, Robert W. Day, Sun-Kyung Kim, Hong-Gyu Park and Charles M. Lieber
Energy Environ. Sci., 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C3EE24182C, Review Article

FREE: Efficient photon management with nanostructures for photovoltaics
Bo Hua, Qingfeng Lin, Qianpeng Zhang and Zhiyong Fan
Nanoscale, 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C3NR01152F, Review Article

FREE: Plasmonic photocatalysts: harvesting visible light with noble metal nanoparticles
Peng Wang, Baibiao Huang, Ying Dai and Myung-Hwan Whangbo
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2012, DOI: 10.1039/C2CP40823F, Perspective

FREE: Improvement of dye-sensitized solar cells toward the broader light harvesting of the solar spectrum
Suresh Kannan Balasingam, Minoh Lee, Man Gu Kang and Yongseok Jun
Chem. Commun., 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C2CC37616D, Feature Article

FREE: Nanostructured Titania: the current and future promise of Titania nanotubes
Kevin C. Schwartzenberg and Kimberly A. Gray
Catal. Sci. Technol., 2012, DOI: 10.1039/C2CY00538G, Perspective

That’s not all! Go to the bottom of this post to view more Reviews and Perspectives in this collection…

Original Research Articles

FREE: Low-temperature processed meso-superstructured to thin-film perovskite solar cells
James M. Ball, Michael M. Lee, Andrew Hey and Henry J. Snaith
Energy Environ. Sci., 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C3EE40810H, Communication

FREE: Tridentate cobalt complexes as alternative redox couples for high-efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells
Kais Ben Aribia, Thomas Moehl, Shaik M. Zakeeruddin and Michael Grätzel
Chem. Sci., 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C2SC21401F, Edge Article

FREE: Spirally configured cis-stilbene/fluorene hybrids as bipolar, organic sensitizers for solar cell applications
Wei-Shan Chao, Ken-Hsien Liao, Chien-Tien Chen, Wei-Kai Huang, Chi-Ming Lan and Eric Wei-Guang Diau
Chem. Commun., 2012, DOI: 10.1039/C2CC17079E, Communication

FREE: An ester-functionalized diketopyrrolopyrrole molecule with appropriate energy levels for application in solution-processed organic solar cells
Meirong Chen, Weifei Fu, Minmin Shi, Xiaolian Hu, Junying Pan, Jun Ling, Hangying Li and Hongzheng Chen
J. Mater. Chem. A, 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C2TA00148A, Paper

FREE: An isoindigo and dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]silole copolymer for polymer solar cells
Romain Stalder, Caroline Grand, Jegadesan Subbiah, Franky So and John R. ReynoldsPolym. Chem., 2012, DOI: 10.1039/C1PY00402F, Communication

FREE: Photoelectrical properties of Ag2S quantum dot-modified TiO2 nanorod arrays and their application for photovoltaic devices
Bingkun Liu, Dejun Wang, Yu Zhang, Haimei Fan, Yanhong Lin, Tengfei Jiang and Tengfeng XieDalton Trans., 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C2DT32031B, Paper

Again, you can see more original research articles in this collection at the bottom of this page.


You might be interested in these e-books from RSC Publishing…
(PDFs of the front matter, table of contents and first chapter are free to view.)

Building Integrated Photovoltaic Thermal Systems
Authors: Basant Agrawal, Gopal Nath Tiwari

Fundamentals of Photovoltaic Modules and Their Applications
Authors: Gopal Nath Tiwari, Swapnil Dubey


Also take a look at these exciting related themed issues, themed collections and Editor’s Choice selections…

Photocatalysis
Themed issue in Catalysis Science & Technology
Guest Editors: Kazunari Domen and Licheng Sun

Inorganic photophysics and photochemistry –Fundamentals and applications
Themed issue in Dalton Transactions
Guest Editors: Michael D. Ward and Julia Weinstein

Nanomaterials for energy conversion and storage
Themed issue in Journal of Materials Chemistry
Guest Editors: K. Kalyanasundaram and Michael Grätzel

Editor’s Choice: Photovoltaic devices by Henry Snaith

Editor’s choice: Nanostructured polymer and dye-sensitized solar cells by Zhiqun Lin

Editor’s Choice: All-organic and hybrid photovoltaics by Chris McNeill


Click here to view more articles in this collection…

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A Focus on Solar Fuels and Artificial Photosynthesis

The RSC would like to share with you a collection of recent books and articles from our journals in the areas of solar fuels and artificial photosynthesis.

You can read all articles for free until the 31st October 2013 by clicking on the links below.

We hope that you enjoy the collection!

Did you know that the RSC has put together a webpage on Solar Fuels, which brings together information on activities for scientists, policymakers, educators and young people? Take a look today…

We have also put together a collection of articles on solar photovoltaics. You can view this collection here…

Some books on solar fuels…

Advanced Renewable Energy Sources
Authors: Gopal Nath Tiwari and Rajeev Kumar Mishra

Solar Energy Conversion
Editor: Piotr Piotrowiak

Energy Issues
A set of four books on energy from the Issues in Environmental Science and Technology Series, edited by Roy Harrison and Ron Hester

The PDFs of the front matter, table of contents and first chapter of these e-books are free to view…

Solar Hydrogen: Fuel of the Future
Authors: Mario Pagliaro, Athanasios G Konstandopoulos

Molecular Solar Fuels
Editors: Thomas J Wydrzynski, Warwick Hillier


Related themed issues and web collections

These themed collections might be of interest. Have a look…

Solar Fuels themed issue in Chemical Society Reviews (Chem. Soc. Rev., 2013, Issue 5).
Find more information in the excellent Editorial by Siddharth Dasgupta, Bruce S. Brunschwig, Jay R. Winkler and Harry B. Gray.

Recent Advances in Solar Energy Conversion and Utilization
This is a themed issue containing articles from the journals Energy & Environmental Science, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (PCCP) and RSC Advances, and guest edited by Ranjit Koodali and Velu Subramani.

A centenary for solar fuels
This is an online collection put together in celebration of 100 years since Ciamician’s landmark paper, ‘The Photochemistry of the Future’.


Opinions and Analysis

Artificial photosynthesis as a frontier technology for energy sustainability
Thomas Faunce, Stenbjorn Styring, Michael R. Wasielewski, Gary W. Brudvig, A. William Rutherford, Johannes Messinger, Adam F. Lee, Craig L. Hill, Huub deGroot, Marc Fontecave, Doug R. MacFarlane, Ben Hankamer, Daniel G. Nocera, David M. Tiede, Holger Dau, Warwick Hillier, Lianzhou Wang and Rose Amal
Energy Environ. Sci., 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C3EE40534F, Opinion

Energy and environment policy case for a global project on artificial photosynthesis
Thomas A. Faunce, Wolfgang Lubitz, A. W. (Bill) Rutherford, Douglas MacFarlane, Gary F. Moore, Peidong Yang, Daniel G. Nocera, Tom A. Moore, Duncan H. Gregory, Shunichi Fukuzumi, Kyung Byung Yoon, Fraser A. Armstrong, Michael R. Wasielewski and Stenbjorn Styring
Energy Environ. Sci., 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C3EE00063J, Opinion

Technical and economic feasibility of centralized facilities for solar hydrogen production via photocatalysis and photoelectrochemistry
Blaise A. Pinaud, Jesse D. Benck, Linsey C. Seitz, Arnold J. Forman, Zhebo Chen, Todd G. Deutsch, Brian D. James, Kevin N. Baum, George N. Baum, Shane Ardo, Heli Wang, Eric Miller and Thomas F. Jaramillo
Energy Environ. Sci., 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C3EE40831K, Analysis

Tutorial Reviews

Comparison of primary oxidants for water-oxidation catalysis
Alexander R. Parent, Robert H. Crabtree and Gary W. Brudvig
Chem. Soc. Rev., 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C2CS35225G

Organic molecules as mediators and catalysts for photocatalytic and electrocatalytic CO2 reduction
Yeonji Oh and Xile Hu
Chem. Soc. Rev., 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C2CS35276A

Reviews, Perspectives, Applications and Frontiers

“In rust we trust”. Hematite – the prospective inorganic backbone for artificial photosynthesis
Debajeet K. Bora, Artur Braun and Edwin C. Constable
Energy Environ. Sci., 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C2EE23668K, Perspective

Long-lived charge separated states in nanostructured semiconductor photoelectrodes for the production of solar fuels
Alexander J. Cowan and James R. Durrant
Chem. Soc. Rev., 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C2CS35305A, Review

Functional mesoporous materials for energy applications: solar cells, fuel cells, and batteries
Youngjin Ye, Changshin Jo, Inyoung Jeong and Jinwoo Lee
Nanoscale, 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C3NR00176H, Feature Article

Molecular systems for light driven hydrogen production
William T. Eckenhoff and Richard Eisenberg
Dalton Trans., 2012, DOI: 10.1039/C2DT30823A, Perspective

Understanding photosynthetic light-harvesting: a bottom up theoretical approach
Thomas Renger and Frank Müh 
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C3CP43439G, Perspective

Applications of metal oxide materials in dye sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cells for making solar fuels: let the molecules do the work
Leila Alibabaei, Hanlin Luo, Ralph L. House, Paul G. Hoertz, Rene Lopez and Thomas J. Meyer
J. Mater. Chem. A, 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C2TA00935H, Application

Splitting water with rust: hematite photoelectrochemistry
Thomas W. Hamann
Dalton Trans., 2012, DOI: 10.1039/C2DT30340J, Frontier

Metal sulphide semiconductors for photocatalytic hydrogen production
Kai Zhang and Liejin Guo
Catal. Sci. Technol., 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C3CY00018D, Minireview

Water oxidation catalysed by manganese compounds: from complexes to ‘biomimetic rocks’
Mathias Wiechen, Hans-Martin Berends and Philipp Kurz
Dalton Trans., 2012, DOI: 10.1039/C1DT11537E, Perspective

Bio-inspired artificial light-harvesting antennas for enhancement of solar energy capture in dye-sensitized solar cells
Fabrice Odobel, Yann Pellegrin and Julien Warnan
Energy Environ. Sci., 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C3EE24229C, Perspective

Original Research Articles

Novel nanographene/porphyrin hybrids – preparation, characterization, and application in solar energy conversion schemes
Daniel Kiessling, Rubén D. Costa, Georgios Katsukis, Jenny Malig, Fabian Lodermeyer, Sebastian Feihl, Alexandra Roth, Leonie Wibmer, Matthias Kehrer, Michel Volland, Pawel Wagner, Gordon G. Wallace, David L. Officer and Dirk M. Guldi
Chem. Sci., 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C3SC51026C, Edge Article

Oxygen-tolerant coenzyme A-acylating aldehyde dehydrogenase facilitates efficient photosynthetic n-butanol biosynthesis in cyanobacteria
Ethan I. Lan, Soo Y. Ro and James C. Liao
Energy Environ. Sci., 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C3EE41405A, Paper

3D branched nanowire heterojunction photoelectrodes for high-efficiency solar water splitting and H2 generation
Ke Sun, Yi Jing, Chun Li, Xiaofeng Zhang, Ryan Aguinaldo, Alireza Kargar, Kristian Madsen, Khaleda Banu, Yuchun Zhou, Yoshio Bando, Zhaowei Liu and Deli Wang
Nanoscale, 2012, DOI: 10.1039/C2NR11952H, Paper

Photon upconversion facilitated molecular solar energy storage
Karl Börjesson, Damir Dzebo, Bo Albinsson and Kasper Moth-Poulsen
J. Mater. Chem. A, 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C3TA12002C, Communication

High photo-electrochemical activity of thylakoid–carbon nanotube composites for photosynthetic energy conversion
Jessica O. Calkins, Yogeswaran Umasankar, Hugh O’Neill and Ramaraja P. Ramasamy
Energy Environ. Sci., 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C3EE40634B, Paper

A model for efficient, semiconductor-free solar cells via supersensitized electron transfer cascades in photogalvanic devices
Jonathan E. Halls and Jay D. Wadhawan
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C3CP00072A, Paper

Generation of fuel from CO2 saturated liquids using a p-Si nanowire ‖ n-TiO2 nanotube array photoelectrochemical cell
Thomas J. LaTempa, Sanju Rani, Ningzhong Bao and Craig A. Grimes
Nanoscale, 2012, DOI: 10.1039/C2NR00052K, Communication

Bicrystalline TiO2 with controllable anatase–brookite phase content for enhanced CO2 photoreduction to fuels
Huilei Zhao, Lianjun Liu, Jean M. Andino and Ying Li
J. Mater. Chem. A, 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C3TA11226H, Paper

Diatom frustules as light traps enhance DSSC efficiency
Jeremiah Toster, K. Swaminathan Iyer, Wanchun Xiang, Federico Rosei, Leone Spiccia and Colin L. Raston
Nanoscale, 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C2NR32716C, Communication

Stabilizing inorganic photoelectrodes for efficient solar-to-chemical energy conversion
Syed Mubeen, Joun Lee, Nirala Singh, Martin Moskovits and Eric W. McFarland
Energy Environ. Sci., 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C3EE40258D, Paper

Ternary Ti–Mo–Ni mixed oxide nanotube arrays as photoanode materials for efficient solar hydrogen production
Nageh K. Allam, Nourhan M. Deyab and Nabil Abdel Ghany
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C3CP52076E, Paper

Transition metal oxide alloys as potential solar energy conversion materials
Maytal Caspary Toroker and Emily A. Carter
J. Mater. Chem. A, 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C2TA00816E, Paper

Integrated microfluidic test-bed for energy conversion devices
Miguel A. Modestino, Camilo A. Diaz-Botia, Sophia Haussener, Rafael Gomez-Sjoberg, Joel W. Ager and Rachel A. Segalman
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C3CP51302E, Communication

Photocatalytic conversion of CO2 and H2O to fuels by nanostructured Ce-TiO2/SBA-15 composites
Cunyu Zhao, Lianjun Liu, Qianyi Zhang, Jun Wang and Ying Li
Catal. Sci. Technol., 2012, DOI: 10.1039/C2CY20346D, Paper

Composite plasmonic gold/layered double hydroxides and derived mixed oxides as novel photocatalysts for hydrogen generation under solar irradiation
Gabriela Carja, Mihaela Birsanu, Kiyoshi Okada and Hermenegildo Garcia
J. Mater. Chem. A, 2013,1,DOI: 10.1039/C3TA11569K, Paper

Binary ionic porphyrin nanosheets: electronic and light-harvesting properties regulated by crystal structure
Yongming Tian, Christine M. Beavers, Tito Busani, Kathleen E. Martin, John L. Jacobsen, Brandon Q. Mercado, Brian S. Swartzentruber, Frank van Swol, Craig J. Medforth and John A. Shelnutt
Nanoscale, 2012, DOI: 10.1039/C2NR11826B, Paper

Biomimetic photocatalytic reactor with a hydrogel-embedded microfluidic network
Hyung-Jun Koo and Orlin D. Velev
J. Mater. Chem. A, 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C3TA12483E, Communication

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This week’s HOT articles

Take a look at this week’s selection…

Ni3S2 nanorods/Ni foam composite electrode with low overpotential for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution
Weijia Zhou, Xue-Jun Wu, Xiehong Cao, Xiao Huang, Chaoliang Tan, Jian Tian, Hong Liu, Jiyang Wang and Hua Zhang
DOI: 10.1039/C3EE41572D, Communication

Electrochemistry for biofuel generation: production of furans by electrocatalytic hydrogenation of furfurals
Peter Nilges and Uwe Schröder
DOI: 10.1039/C3EE41857J, Communication

Judicious selection of a pinhole defect filler to generally enhance the performance of organic dye-sensitized solar cells
Min Zhang, Jing Zhang, Ye Fan, Lin Yang, Yinglin Wang, Renzhi Li and Peng Wang
DOI: 10.1039/C3EE42431F, Communication

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Satish Ogale’s Editor’s choice: Nanomaterials and Functional Carbon for Energy Applications

Energy & Environmental Science’s newest Advisory Board member, Dr Satishchandra Ogale

Energy & Environmental Science’s newest Advisory Board member, Dr Satishchandra Ogale, has chosen a selection of excellent articles in the areas of nanomaterials and functional carbon for energy applications, which were recently published in Energy & Environmental Science (EES). You can read these articles for free for a limited period by clicking on the links below.

We are delighted that Dr Ogale has recently joined the Advisory Board of EES. He is a Chief Scientist and Coordinator at the Centre of Excellence in Solar Energy at CSIR-NCL, Pune, India. His research focusses on dye sensitized and hybrid solar cells, solar water splitting for hydrogen generation and functional carbon nanocomposites for energy.

EES

On behalf of Satish Ogale and the Editor-in-Chief Nathan Lewis (Caltech) we invite you to submit your best research to Energy & Environmental Science.

EES publishes outstanding, community-spanning, agenda-setting research covering all aspects of energy and environmental research. With an Impact Factor of 11.65, which is rising fast, it the ideal place to publish your work.

Sign up to receive our free table-of-contents e-alert at www.rsc.org/alerts and be among the first to read our newest articles.

Dr Ogale’s Editor’s Choice:

Energy Conversion

Novel nanostructures for next generation dye-sensitized solar cells
Nicolas Tétreaul t and Michael Graetzel,
DOI: 10.1039/C2EE03242B, Perspective

Butterflies: inspiration for solar cells and sunlight water-splitting catalysts
Shuai Lou, Xingmei Guo, Tongxiang Fan and Di Zhang
DOI: 10.1039/C2EE03595B, Review Article

Low-temperature processed meso-superstructured to thin-film perovskite solar cells
James M. Ball, Michael M. Lee, Andrew Hey and Henry J. Snaith
DOI: 10.1039/C3EE40810H, Communication

Functional carbon / Charge Storage

3D carbon based nanostructures for advanced supercapacitors
Hao Jiang, Pooi See Lee and Chunzhong Li
DOI: 10.1039/C2EE23284G, Review Article

Doping carbons beyond nitrogen : As overview of advanced heteroatom doped carbons with boron, sulphur and phosphorous for energy
Jens Peter Paraknowitsch and Arne Thomas
DOI: 10.1039/C3EE41444B, Review Article

Progress in flexible energy storage and conversion systems, with a focus on cable-type lithium-ion batteries
Sang-Young Lee,  Keun-Ho Choi,  Woo-Sung Choi, Yo Han Kwon, Hye-Ran Jung, Heon-Cheol Shin and Je Young Kim
DOI: 10.1039/C3EE24260A, Minireview

Second generation ‘nanohybrid supercapacitor’: Evolution of capacitive energy storage devices
Katsuhiko Naoi, Syuichi Ishimoto, Jun-ichi Miyamoto and Wako Naoi
DOI: 10.1039/C2EE21675B, Perspective

Water Splitting

Modeling, simulation, and design criteria for photoelectrochemical water-splitting systems
Sophia Haussener, Chengxiang Xiang, Joshua M. Spurgeon, Shane Ardo, Nathan S. Lewis and Adam Z. Weber
DOI: 10.1039/C2EE23187E, Paper

Interfaces between water splitting catalysts and buried silicon junctions
Casandra R. Cox, Mark T. Winkler, Joep J. H. Pijpers, Tonio Buonassisi and Daniel G. Nocera
DOI: 10.1039/C2EE23932A, Paper

Facile synthesis of carbon-coated hematite nanostructures for solar water splitting
Jiujun Deng, Xiaoxin Lv, Jing Gao, Aiwu Pu, Ming Li, Xuhui Sun and Jun Zhong
DOI: 10.1039/C3EE00066D, Paper

For more information and news visit our website and blog, or follow us on Facebook and Twitter.

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This week’s HOT articles

Take a look at these exciting articles that have been recently published online:

3D nanostructured conductive polymer hydrogels for high-performance electrochemical devices
Yu Zhao, Borui Liu, Lijia Pan and Guihua Yu
DOI: 10.1039/C3EE40997J

Texturation boosts the thermoelectric performance of BiCuSeO oxyselenides
Jiehe Sui, Jing Li, Jiaqing He, Yan-Ling Pei, David Berardan, Haijun Wu, Nita Dragoe, Wei Cai and Li-Dong Zhao
DOI: 10.1039/C3EE41859F

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A promising strategy for the future of self-powered electronics

Researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences harvest energy from the environment to achieve a self-powered fluorescence switch system.

Self-powered fluorescence controlled switch systems based on biofuel cells

Electronically powered response systems are frequently hindered by their external power sources. These external power sources increase the size of the system and make independent and sustainable operation difficult. Focusing on electrical stimuli-responsive fluorescence systems, Bai et al. addressed the problem of system size and sustainability by exploring a switch system based on biofuel cells.

By using the electroactive prussian blue (PB) to control fluorescence change and biocatalysis, the authors were able to build a fluorescence switch system that operates on one biofuel cell. This kind of enzymatic biofuel cell extracts bio-energy from biochemical reactions to produce electricity, meaning the system is fully integrated and requires no external power source. Essentially self-powered, the fluorescent switch system described in a recent EES paper is reversible, reproducible, and power-dense (up to 87 μW/cm2).

The device functions by controlling the redox states of PB with a membrane-less, mediator-less biofuel cell. The fluorescence of the hybrid film is then switched with the absorbance change of the PB. By combining the electrochromatic PB controlling fluorescence switch with the biocatalytic reaction, a functioning self-powered switch system is achieved.

The idea of electronics that can operate by harvesting energy from the environment is certainly exciting. This kind of technology appeals to the imagination and would undoubtedly have huge applications in consumer goods. As someone without a technical background, it is exciting to learn about research with possible game-changing applications for everyday items.

Feeling electrified? Read the full Energy and Environmental Science article here:

Self-powered fluorescence controlled switch systems based on biofuel cells
Lu Bai, Lihua Jin, Lei Han and Shaojun Dong
DOI: 10.1039/C3EE41028E

By Paige Johnson

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EES Issue 9 of 2013 out now!

The latest issue of EES is now online. You can read the full issue here.

The outside front cover features the Communication Carbon nanotube modified carbon composite monoliths as superior adsorbents for carbon dioxide capture by Yonggang Jin, Stephen C. Hawkins, Chi P. Huynh and Shi Su.

High Seebeck coefficient redox ionic liquid electrolytes for thermal energy harvesting is the Paper highlighted on the inside front cover by Theodore J. Abraham, Douglas R. MacFarlane and Jennifer M. Pringle.

Issue 9 contains the following Analysis and Perspective articles:

$ per W metrics for thermoelectric power generation: beyond ZT
Shannon K. Yee, Saniya LeBlanc, Kenneth E. Goodson and Chris Dames  
DOI: 10.1039/C3EE41504J

The potential sunlight harvesting efficiency of carbon nanotube solar cells
Daniel David Tune and Joseph George Shapter  
DOI: 10.1039/C3EE41731J

Perspective: hybrid systems combining electrostatic and electrochemical nanostructures for ultrahigh power energy storage
Lauren C. Haspert, Eleanor Gillette, Sang Bok Lee and Gary W. Rubloff  
DOI: 10.1039/C3EE40898A

Fancy submitting an article to EES? Then why not submit to us today!

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The Storage Problem

Renewable, clean energy is all around us. In fact, the amount of solar and wind energy available for harvest is many times higher than the amount consumed by all of civilization. The single most important counter to solar and wind competing with fossil fuels is that they place us at the mercy of nature’s schedule. As a preferred option, historically we’ve gone to great lengths to find energy sources we can turn on and off at will. With the exception of hydro-electric, these technologies are all fuels.

A chemical fuel (as opposed to a nuclear fuel) stores energy between its atoms as molecular bonds. This energy is released as heat when the atoms are rearranged to combine with oxygen from the air; think of coal, gasoline, hydrogen, or wood pellets. As energy sources, chemical fuels are especially attractive because (1) they put lots of energy in a small place, (2) they’re inexpensive to store, (3) they’re easy to move around, and (4) whenever more power is needed it’s relatively simple to fire up more generators, or else shut excess generators off to save energy for later.

The way we spend energy demands the source have an on/off button, but sources of renewable energy can’t be switched on and off like fuels. If we want wind and solar energy to be as reliable as fuel, we have to store them. Storage is a bigger problem than you might think. If any storage technology were developed enough to handle the daily fluctuations in energy demand, our modern discussion over energy would be extremely different. In fact, if wind and solar were capable of providing energy when we want it, there would be little incentive to use fossil fuels. Proposed methods of storage can be boiled down to roughly 3 categories:

  • Electrical: Store renewable energy in giant batteries (or capacitors). When energy is desired, flip a switch.
  • Mechanical: Use renewable energy to pump water to a raised reservoir, spin a flywheel, or compress air. When energy is desired, have one of these technologies crank a generator.
  • Chemical: Turn renewable energy into fuel. When energy is desired, fire up a fuel-powered generator (or fuel cell).

Traditionally, solar and wind energy have been stored in batteries, but consider the advantages of storing this energy as fuel. To stockpile energy electrically we need lots of batteries; to stockpile energy as fuel we need only barrels and tanks. Compared to batteries, the materials and methods for manufacturing and recycling of barrels and tanks are enormously simpler and cheaper. Also, compared to the practically unlimited refilling capacity of barrels and tanks, batteries can be “refilled” only a few hundred times before they must be recycled. These simple reasons – combined with all the advantages of fuels discussed earlier – have convinced me that THE solution for solar and wind replacing fossil fuels is to use them to synthesize renewable fuel. Stated more clearly, we must use solar and wind energy to convert the products of fuel combustion (carbon dioxide and water) back into fuel.

The reason you hear so much about biotech when talking about sustainable energy is that plants and algae are critical to one particular method of using solar energy to turn carbon dioxide and water into fuel: biofuels. Unlike say, a mushroom, a plant gets its carbon from the air as it performs photosynthesis. This is why a tree doesn’t leave a hole in the ground as it grows, yet a mushroom deteriorates whatever it grows out of. Plants, in fact, are practically the only method of converting atmospheric carbon into anything; thermo- and electro-chemical processes generally require concentrated batches of carbon dioxide to work.

While plant products such as wood are technically fuels, they won’t work in your car without modifying either the fuel or the car. It would be hopelessly impractical to power all cars on wood chips (and people do actually do this; look up “woodgas”).  Rather, the study of biofuels generally revolves around converting plants into liquid fuel.

There are two halves to the study of biofuels. One half focuses the agricultural end; figuring out how to make plants produce more of the materials which are easy to convert into fuel and/or how to farm more of these plants sustainably. The other half focus on the conversion end; new techniques of thermo-, electro-, or bio-based conversion that can be used on the plants that are easier to grow and/or don’t directly interfere with food production (this is how nature works; the plant materials that are easy to convert tend to be edible).

While there’s true potential to bring renewable energy to the market using biofuels, it’s worth noting that biofuels offer only about 1-3% efficiency. That is to say, out of all the sunlight that falls on an acre of plants, only a small fraction of that energy will make it into the fuel made from those plants. Being mindful of this, there have been separate efforts to develop thermo- and electro-chemical techniques that use catalysts either with the sun’s heat or solar/wind electricity to produce fuel directly from water or stores of carbon dioxide. These technologies go by many names, but I tend to use “water splitting” (which produces hydrogen) and “carbon-dioxide splitting” (which produces carbon monoxide). Some of these technologies produce a mix of hydrogen and carbon monoxide known as “syngas”. These products may either be used as fuels in their own right, or else as precursors to more traditional fuels such as gasoline, jet fuel, or diesel. (For more information, read up on “synthetic fuel”.)

I hope this has outlined why energy storage is such an important issue and offered some understanding of the methods currently being evaluated and researched. Thanks for reading!

By Robert Coolman


You can read about some of the latest research which is helping to address these issues in the Energy & Environmental Science collection on New energy storage devices for post lithium-ion batteries.

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This week’s HOT article

Take a look at this exciting article that has been recently published online:

 

Self-powered fluorescence controlled switch systems based on biofuel cells
Lu Bai, Lihua Jin, Lei Han and Shaojun Dong  
DOI: 10.1039/C3EE41028E

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The Energy Problem

Our modern problems with energy sustainability can be rounded down to four separate (but related) issues. Any technology aimed at improving energy sustainability should address one or more of these problems:

  1. Abundance: We need an energy source that’s renewable or at least won’t run out in the foreseeable future
  2. Demand: In order to meet fluctuations in demand for energy, we need to be able to turn our energy supply on and off at will. For energy sources that don’t have this feature, we have to store their energy for later. The other half of this problem is shifting demand e.g. running the dishwasher only while there’s a renewable surplus.
  3. Infrastructure: We need a way of getting renewable energy to work with current infrastructures such as the electric grid and all the vehicles that runs on carbon-based fuel
  4. Pollution: We need to consume energy in a way that won’t increase the amount of greenhouse gases (or other pollutants) in the atmosphere. If we put stuff into the atmosphere, we have to take it out.

Suppose you found yourself with the means to build a household system consisting of a photovoltaic solar panel, a water electrolysis machine to produce hydrogen, a hydrogen storage tank, and a hydrogen-powered generator. If made large enough, such a system could power your entire home day and night. While such a system addresses all the above problems, there’s a catch… Over the lifespan of the system there’s a chance that the amount of energy the system produces will be less than what went into manufacturing it from recycled or raw materials. This brings us to our 5th issue:

  1. Net Energy: In order to be ‘green’, a technology must make more energy available over its lifetime than the amount of energy that went into making it. For a technology offering anything less, its users would have been better off just using the energy they had to begin with.

Lastly, there’s another category of energy problems that technically have nothing to do with sustainability. In fact, the addressing technologies sometimes count against sustainable energy use. While ‘net energy’ is important to consider for people who have regular grid access, it matters much less to those without energy access to begin with.

  1. Access: Technologies such as pocket solar panels probably aren’t going to produce more energy over their lifespan than what went into making them… but they provide gadget-charging capabilities to professionals who lack regular grid access such as forest-fire fighters, soldiers, wilderness researchers, etc. Is the tech green? No. Is it worth making? Yes. Similarly, the ‘net energy’ problem need not dominate the discussion over renewable-energy access to people who don’t even have a grid infrastructure. Imagine how lives will be improved if people in Sub-Saharan Africa can be helped to harness the sun and wind.

I hope this has clarified why research into energy must continue and answered some of the questions over “Why can’t we just do ____.” Renewable energy is a multi-faceted problem that will require many technologies to become a reality. I hope these insights will help you now and into the future. Thanks for reading!

By Robert Coolman

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