Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers Blog

Advances in the coordination chemistry of multinuclear compounds have been exploited to drive the self-assembly of many new discrete metallo-supramolecular motifs. Due to the nature of the metal-ligand interactions, many of these systems have a dynamic character with reversible association and dissociation able to generate complex mixtures. Unveil such dynamic behaviours, it is a priority to fully understand, control and design their functional properties. Among metallo-supramolecular systems, lanthanide (Ln) based architectures attracts much attention due to their remarkable optical and magnetic properties. However, design and control of the final supramolecule is very challenging due to the inner nature of the 4f orbitals and consequent small ligand-field effects. There is, however, a steady variation of the effective ionic radius (EIR) across the series, the so called “lanthanide contraction”. Although the radii difference (ΔEIR) is quite small (ca. 0.20 Å between La³⁺ and Lu³⁺ and ca. 0.02 Å between two consecutive lanthanides), it can have important chemical consequences on the nature and features of supramolecular complexes.

Recently, a group headed by Marzio Rancan of ICMATE-CNR (Italy) and collaborators from the University of Padova (Italy) and Dortmund University (Germany) have demonstrated that ΔEIR strongly affects the kinetics of Ln ions exchange between preassembled quadruple-stranded [Ln₂L₄]^2– cages (Figure 1).

The process has been qualitatively and quantitatively characterized by time-dependent electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Mixing a series of two homonuclear [Ln^A₂L₄]²⁻ and [Ln^B₂L₄]²⁻ with increasing Ln³⁺ ΔEIR always leads to the formation of a statistical mixture of homo- and heteronuclear helicates due to the Ln exchange. All the studied systems have an equilibrium constant close to K = 4. The Ln³⁺ ΔEIR, hence, does not affect the thermodynamics of the process that is mainly governed by statistical factors and entropy-driven. On the other hand, they demonstrate that the rate of the dynamic ion exchange is Ln radius-dependent (Figure 1b). The kinetic constants of the forward and backward reactions revealed an exponential trend depending on the Ln³⁺ ΔEIR of the two homonuclear pre-assembled cages (Figure 1c): from the minimum to the maximum value of ΔEIR, the kinetic constants increase by three orders of magnitude. This fundamental study hints new tools and guidelines to study dynamic processes in metallo-supramolecular ensembles, and for the precise preparation and control of lanthanide-based mixed coordination-driven systems.

Corresponding author:

Marzio Rancan is a Research Fellow at ICMATE-CNR (Italy). He received his PhD in Molecular Sciences at the University of Padova in 2009. He did post-doctoral studies at CNR, University of Padova and spent one year in the Molecular Magnetism Group at The University of Manchester (UK).  His current research is focused on the synthesis and characterization of coordination-driven molecular and supramolecular architectures with functional properties. He is the author of about 60 articles.

WEBSITE: http://wwwdisc.chimica.unipd.it/FMNLab/index.html

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9967-5283

RESEARCHGATE: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marzio-Rancan

Cancer is a major health issue worldwide, and the development of innovative and effective drugs is an ultimate demand for research. Iron compounds have aroused a great interest in the search for new metal based chemotherapics, on account of their relatively low toxicity and their redox chemistry, exportable to physiological media.

Some ferrocene derivatives have shown a promising anticancer potential, with a strong activity mostly associated with Fe^II to Fe^III oxidation, leading to alteration of the cellular redox balance and subsequent production of toxic substances (reactive oxygen species, ROS). However, they provide a limited variability of the metal coordination set, and they need to be carefully formulated for in vivo applications due to a generally insufficient water solubility.

Since 2019, a series of cationic [Fe^IFe^I] complexes based on the [Fe₂Cp₂(CO)₂] core and comprising a vinyliminium bridging ligand have emerged as a novel class of potential chemotherapeutic agents. Thanks to the unique features of the bimetallic core, these complexes are easily prepared up to gram scale from a commercial precursor in a few synthetic steps. Remarkably, they are amphiphilic and appreciably water-soluble, and exhibit an antiproliferative activity against cancer cell lines which depends on the ligand substituents. The choice of the latter is virtually limitless, thanks to the generality of the synthetic procedure, and this feature allows to optimise physico-chemical properties for biological purposes. Different mechanisms, mainly ROS production but also protein interaction and weak DNA binding, may contribute to the mode of action of these dinuclear structures.

Recently, the group of Fabio Marchetti and co-workers have reported, for the first time, the conjugation of a ferrocenyl moiety with a diiron framework, as a strategy to obtain robust mixed-valence triiron compounds featured by a potent cytotoxicity and excellent selectivity towards cancer cell lines (i.e., IC₅₀ values in the low micromolar/nanomolar range on the cancer cell lines, and up to 35 times higher values on the nontumoral cells).

A combination of stability studies, electrochemical experiments, iron cellular uptake and targeted biological studies indicate that the cationic triiron complexes synergistically combine the redox behaviour of the ferrocenyl moiety with the amphiphilicity and the versatility of the diiron vinyliminium structure, and that their powerful activity arises from the ability to disrupt the redox homeostasis of tumour cells, through the overproduction of intracellular ROS and the alteration of the thioredoxin reductase, assessed on a synthetic dodecapeptide as a simplified model of the enzyme.

Corresponding Author:

Fabio Marchetti received his Degree in Industrial Chemistry from the University of Bologna in 1999 (summa cum laude), and the PhD in Chemistry from the same University in 2003. In 2006 he obtained a researcher position at the University of Pisa, and since October 2018 he has been Full Professor in the same University. FM has co-authored over 200 scientific publications on international journals, 2 book chapters and 2 international patents. His research interests regard the synthesis, the characterization and the properties of new transition metal compounds, and the metal-mediated activation of small organic molecules.