Sustainable Energy & Fuels Blog

Dr Debajyoti Kundu is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering at SRM University–AP, India. His research focuses on environmental biotechnology, microbial bioprocessing, waste valorization, biorefineries, circular economy, sustainable biofuels, and resource recovery. He is currently leading an ANRF-funded project on upcycling organic waste into sustainable feed for Nile tilapia. His broader research seeks to integrate biological conversion processes, industrial symbiosis, and sustainability assessment to develop scalable, low-carbon, and resource-efficient production systems. Through his research and teaching, he aims to translate environmental challenges into opportunities for technological innovation, circular resource utilization, and sustainable development.

Read Debajyoti’s Emerging Investigators article titled “Toward Sustainable Industry: Integrating Industrial Symbiosis, Biorefineries, and Circular Economy for SDG Alignment” and find out more about him in the interview below:

What do you see as the most significant insights or conclusions from your review?

The most significant conclusion of our review is that industrial symbiosis, biorefineries, and the circular economy should not be pursued as separate sustainability strategies. Their greatest potential emerges when they are integrated through systems thinking. Industrial symbiosis facilitates the exchange of materials, energy, water, and by-products among industries; biorefineries convert biomass and organic residues into fuels, chemicals, materials, and other valuable products; and circular-economy principles help retain the value of these resources within the economy.

The evidence reviewed indicates that such integrated systems can deliver substantial benefits. Reported case studies demonstrate material-efficiency improvements of approximately 15–45%, energy savings of 10–35%, and greenhouse-gas reductions of 20–40%. Nevertheless, many of these outcomes are context-specific or derived from modelling and pilot-scale studies. Their validation under long-term, full-scale industrial conditions remains limited.

Therefore, our principal message is that the next stage of sustainable industrial development must move beyond conceptual circularity towards measurable, inclusive, and scalable implementation. We propose a roadmap centred on interoperable data platforms, life-cycle sustainability assessment, digital twins, living laboratories, cross-sector collaboration, and greater consideration of social equity and the circumstances of the Global South.

What aspect of your work excites you most right now?

What excites me most is the possibility of designing integrated systems in which waste is no longer treated as an end-of-pipe burden but becomes a feedstock for producing valuable and sustainable products. My research focuses on microbial bioprocessing, waste valorization, biorefineries, resource recovery, and circular production systems.

I am particularly interested in translating these concepts into experimentally validated applications. One of my current projects explores the upcycling of organic waste into sustainable feed for Nile tilapia, with the aim of improving growth performance and product quality while reducing dependence on conventional feed resources. This work is exciting because it connects waste management, biotechnology, aquaculture, food security, and the circular economy within a single applied framework. More broadly, I am interested in developing scalable biological processes that generate environmental benefits while remaining technically and economically viable.

Which profession would you choose if you were not a scientist?

If I were not a scientist, I would choose a career in public policy and administration, particularly in the environmental sector. Scientific discoveries can create meaningful change only when they are translated into effective policies and practical action. This profession would allow me to contribute to environmental protection, sustainable resource management, and climate action at a broader societal level. It would also provide an opportunity to connect scientific understanding with governance and help design policies that balance environmental sustainability, economic development, and societal needs.

What one piece of career advice would you share with other early career scientists?

Choose research questions that are scientifically challenging but also meaningful to society, and remain persistent when progress is slow. A scientific career is rarely defined by a single publication, experiment, or grant; it develops through consistent effort, intellectual honesty, collaboration, and a willingness to learn from unsuccessful outcomes.

Early-career researchers should not hesitate to cross disciplinary boundaries or pursue ambitious ideas. However, they should also remain critical of their own findings and distinguish between conceptual promise and evidence demonstrated under real-world conditions. Meaningful scientific impact is created when innovative ideas are supported by rigorous evidence and translated into solutions that society can use.

How do you feel about Sustainable Energy & Fuels as a place to publish research on this topic?

Sustainable Energy & Fuels is an excellent platform for this topic because the journal brings together advances in renewable energy, waste-to-resource conversion, low-carbon technologies, sustainable fuels, and integrated industrial systems. Research on industrial symbiosis and biorefineries is inherently interdisciplinary, and the journal provides an appropriate forum for connecting technological innovation with environmental performance and practical implementation.

I particularly value the journal’s emphasis on scientifically rigorous research that can contribute to the transition towards sustainable energy and industrial systems. The Emerging Investigator Series is also an excellent initiative because it gives early-career researchers international visibility and creates opportunities for their ideas to reach a broad scientific and professional community.

Marie Jones is a Chemical Engineer (Imperial College London) with a PhD from EPFL (Switzerland). As a Marie Skłodowska-Curie fellow, she combined experimental biomass research with process system engineering to accelerate biorefinery industrialisation, partnering with the start-up Bloom Biorenewables to test her work against industrial reality. In 2025, she chaired the Gordon Research Seminar on Biomass to Chemicals and Materials in the US. She has also advised the European Commission on its Bioeconomy and Plastics Strategies, reflecting her commitment to translating research into evidence-based policy for a circular (bio)economy.

Read Marie’s Emerging Investigators article titled “Process-driven optimisation of an integrated lignin-first biorefinery for sustainability and economic viability” and find out more about her in the interview below:

You recent Emerging Investigators article focuses on Process-driven optimisation of an integrated lignin-first biorefinery for sustainability and economic viability. How has your research evolved from your first article to this most recent one?

My early work used techno-economic assessment (TEA) and life-cycle analysis (LCA) to estimate the production costs and carbon intensity of new biobased products, after the fact. Since then, my research has shifted toward embedding these tools directly into experimental design and pilot-scale process optimisation. Rather than acting as a “proof-of-concept” checkpoint at the end of process design, TEA and LCA now function as a bridge across stages of development, informing decisions from the outset. I’m excited about where this is heading as combining early-stage TEA and LCA with de-novo molecular generation could really accelerate chemical discoveries!

What aspect of your work excites you most right now?

What excites me most is moving from designing greener technologies to evaluating their potential at system scale. I’ve always been drawn to connecting the molecular scale with the system scale, and now having the chance to feed those results into policy conversations feels like a dream coming true. For instance, our work showing that painstakingly transforming bio-based molecules to match aromatics used in plastics today is not an efficient use of resource raises real questions: how should biobased content targets for plastics be set, and how can more resource-efficient dedicated bioplastics be integrated into existing recycling infrastructure? These are exactly the kinds of questions I hope my future research can help answer.

Which profession would you choose if you were not a scientist?

What I like the most about being a scientist is digging for information and sharing it, so this could have also led to me being a reporter. I love the excitement when getting closer to finding the missing piece of a puzzle and revealing it to the rest of the world. In a way, science is just uncovering nature’s best-kept secrets!

What one piece of career advice would you share with other early career scientists?

The most valuable thing I’ve done is connect with other young professionals, especially outside my own field, and outside science altogether. Disruptive ideas tend to come from looking at a problem through someone else’s lens, so my advice is: stay curious, share your research vision openly, and genuinely listen to others’. Unexpected collaborations often follow, and along the way you’ll get better at explaining your science to a broader audience, strengthening its impact.

How do you feel about Sustainable Energy & Fuels as a place to publish research on this topic?

Finding a home for research that bridges bench-scale experiments and process simulation isn’t always straightforward. Sustainable Energy & Fuels stood out as the ideal outlet, read by chemists and engineers alike, it lets our work reach both the lab bench and the simulation desk.

Emilia Olsson received her PhD in 2017 under the supervision of Prof. Nora H de Leeuw at University College London (United Kingdom), where she developed a materials design framework to discover novel complex oxide materials for solid oxide fuel cells. After her PhD, she moved to the University of Surrey where she joined the group of Prof. Qiong Cai as a Research Fellow in Battery Materials Modelling. During this time, she also joined the groups of Prof. Maria-Magdalena Titirici at Imperial College London and Prof. Alan Drew at Queen Mary University of London as a visiting researcher. In September 2021, Emilia joined the Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography (ARCNL) as group leader of the Materials Theory and Modelling group and the Institute for Theoretical Physics (ITFA) at the Institute of Physics (IoP), University of Amsterdam (the Netherlands) as an assistant professor in Condensed Matter Theory. Her primary research interest lies in atomic scale materials design. Using complementary computational modelling techniques in close collaboration with experiment, Emilia aims to elucidate the atomic scale processes for complex materials, with a special focus on understanding how disorder, defects, and non-epitaxial interfaces affect materials properties.

Read Emilia’s Emerging Investigators article “Vacancy enhanced Li, Na, and K clustering on graphene” and find out more about her in the interview below:

Your recent Emerging Investigators Series articles focuses on Vacancy enhanced Li, Na, and K clustering on graphene. How has your research evolved from your first article?

In our earliest work on alkali metals in carbon materials, we focused on the role of individual carbon motifs found in realistic disordered anodes, and how they interact with single alkali-metal ions. Those studies were aimed at understanding how specific structural features enable ion storage and diffusion, and how that links to material performance.

Over time, our perspective has broadened from single ion insertion to the full interfacial picture, including the conditions under which metal deposition can begin. This paper captures that shift: rather than treating metal atoms as isolated adsorbates, we investigate how clusters form and grow on a representative carbon basal plane, and how a single, common defect—a carbon monovacancy—can fundamentally reshape the nucleation landscape. More broadly, my group is now extending this direction to connect local chemistry and defects to device-level failure modes such as dendrite formation, with the goal of informing more robust, designable carbon architectures.

What aspect of your work excites you most right now?

What excites me most right now is connecting atomic-scale structure and chemistry to device breakdown mechanisms—turning qualitative ideas into mechanistic understanding that can actually guide design.

For years, the community has recognised that “defects matter,” but often without a clear picture of how they influence nucleation and failure. In this study, we map distinct, metal-specific behaviour: on pristine graphene, Na shows a spontaneous tendency to cluster, while Li clustering is hindered at small cluster sizes, and K clustering is suppressed by weak binding and size effects. Introducing a single monovacancy stabilises small clusters for all three metals by strengthening binding and changing charge localisation—effectively lowering the barrier to early-stage nucleation.

The most exciting part is the implication: if we can identify which local motifs promote (or resist) nucleation, we can move toward rational defect and interface engineering, rather than relying on trial-and-error optimisation.

Which profession would you choose if you weren’t a scientist?

Something connected to the arts. I seriously considered museum conservation at one point—work that combines creativity with careful analysis and a deep respect for materials. In many ways, it has the same appeal as research: understanding how things are put together, why they degrade, and how to preserve or improve them.

What one piece of career advice would you share with other early career scientists?

Don’t lose sight of the fact that applications need fundamental science. My main advice is to build your career around a clear scientific question rather than a narrow technique—methods evolve quickly, but a strong question will keep generating new projects, collaborations, and impact. Seek strategic collaborators who genuinely complement your expertise, and cultivate persistence: most worthwhile ideas take longer than expected, and steady, focused progress (especially protecting time for thinking and writing) often matters as much as any single breakthrough.

How do you feel about Sustainable Energy & Fuels as a place to publish research on this topic?

Sustainable Energy & Fuels is an excellent fit for this work because it sits at exactly the intersection we aim for: fundamental chemical physics and materials insight, with a clear focus on problems that matter for sustainable energy technologies.

Although our paper is computational and fundamental in approach, the motivation is strongly applied: our goal is to understand early-stage metal clustering that can seed dendrite formation, compromising safety and lifetime in alkali-metal-based batteries. The journal’s interdisciplinary readership across energy storage, materials chemistry, and electrochemistry makes it a natural home for studies that connect atomistic mechanisms to device-relevant failure modes and, importantly, to practical design principles.

Dandan Gao is an independent research group leader and Walter Benjamin Fellow (funded by DFG) at the Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany. She received her MSc in metal materials engineering from Shandong University, China. In 2021, she completed her PhD (supervisor: Prof. Dr. Carsten Streb) at Ulm University. Her current research is focused on functional material systems for sustainable chemistry and revealing the reaction mechanisms at both atomic and molecular levels.

Read Dandan’s Emerging Investigators Series article “Design of nanostructured 2D (photo-)electrocatalysts for biomass valorization coupled with H₂ production” and read more about her in the interview below:

Your recent Emerging Investigators Series article focuses on Design of nanostructured 2D (photo-)electrocatalysts for biomass valorization coupled with H₂ production. How has your research evolved from your first article?

My early work focused on establishing structure – activity relationships in electrocatalytic materials, with an emphasis on understanding how composition and morphology influence performance. Over time, my research has evolved toward a more holistic, systems-level perspective, integrating advanced characterization, operando studies, and data-driven optimization to design catalysts that are not only active but also stable, scalable, and sustainable. This evolution reflects a shift from observing performance to actively steering it through rational and adaptive design principles.

What aspect of your work excites you most right now?

What excites me most is the opportunity to move beyond static catalyst design toward dynamic and self-optimizing systems. In particular, exploring how electrochemical environments can be used as active design parameters, rather than passive operating conditions, opens up new ways to access non-equilibrium structures and reaction pathways. This has strong implications for sustainable fuel production and resource-efficient chemical transformations.

Which profession would you choose if you weren’t a scientist?

If I weren’t a scientist, I would likely pursue a career in design or architecture. The process of balancing creativity with constraints, and translating abstract ideas into functional systems, closely mirrors how I approach research, just at a different scale.

What one piece of career advice would you share with other early career scientists?

Keep standing. Never forget why you started, and your objective can be achieved then.  Invest time in developing a strong scientific intuition, but don’t be afraid to evolve your research direction as new questions emerge. Careers are rarely linear, and some of the most impactful work comes from embracing uncertainty and interdisciplinary thinking rather than following a predefined path.

How do you feel about Sustainable Energy & Fuels as a place to publish research on this topic?

Sustainable Energy & Fuels provides an excellent platform for this type of research because it values both fundamental insight and real-world relevance. The journal’s interdisciplinary scope encourages dialogue between chemists, materials scientists, and energy researchers, which is essential for addressing complex sustainability challenges. I also appreciate its emphasis on rigor, transparency, and long-term impact in the energy landscape.

Hao-Cheng Yang received his BSc and PhD degrees in Polymer Science from Zhejiang University. He then conducted postdoctoral research at Argonne National Laboratory (USA). In 2018, he joined Sun Yat-sen University as an Associate Professor, and in 2021 he joined Zhejiang University as a ZJU-100 Young Professor. His research focuses on surface & interface engineering of polymer membranes and membrane processes for environmental and energy applications. 

Read Hao-Cheng’s Emerging Investigators Series article “Solar Energy Technologies for Desalination and Utilization of Hypersaline Brines” and read more about him in the interview below:

Your recent Emerging Investigators Series paper focuses on Solar Energy Technologies for Desalination and Utilization of Hypersaline Brines. How has your research evolved from your first article?

My first article focused on the phase separation processes of polymer membranes. During my PhD, my research shifted toward surface engineering of membrane materials. I later expanded my interests to membrane processes for environmental and energy-related applications. Currently, my research focuses on membrane material and device design for advanced separation and solar-powered processes.

What aspect of your work excites you most right now?

I am particularly excited by the concept of Janus configurations in my current research. Starting from Janus membranes, we found that constructing opposing properties on each side of a membrane can outperform uniform materials and, in some cases, reconcile conflicting material requirements for specific applications. This concept is not limited to membranes and shows promise for a wide range of energy-related applications.

Which profession would you choose if you weren’t a scientist?

If possible, I would choose to be an artist, a dream I have had since childhood. I spent many years practicing sketching when I was young. In a way, scientific research allows me to fulfil part of that dream, especially when preparing visual schemes for research papers.

What one piece of career advice would you share with other early career scientists?

I would advise early career scientists not to give up easily, even when their ideas are not widely supported. Although the line between persistence and stubbornness can be thin, solitary persistence can sometimes be more valuable than pursuing research topics that are immediately popular.

How do you feel about Sustainable Energy & Fuels as a place to publish research on this topic?

It has been a pleasure to publish our work in Sustainable Energy & Fuels. This journal is a highly suitable and impactful venue for research in this field. The journal’s emphasis on sustainable energy and fuels aligns well with our research interests, and its interdisciplinary readership helps bridge fundamental science with practical energy applications.

Manzoor Ahmad Dar is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry, Islamic University of Science and Technology (IUST), J&K, India. He completed his Master’s degree in Physical Chemistry from the University of Kashmir and PhD from CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune. He later worked as a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Chemistry at IISER Bhopal after which he joined IUST. His research focusses on data-driven approaches, including high-throughput first principles simulation based screening and machine learning for accelerating the discovery of stable single and double atom catalysts for energy conversion processes such as CO₂RR and NRR while accounting for stability, aggregation resistance, and competitive reactions such as HER. 

Read Manzoor’s Emerging Investigators Series article “Nickel single atom catalyst supported on the gallium nitride monolayer: first principles investigations on the decisive role of support in the electrocatalytic reduction of CO₂” and read more about him in the interview below:

Your recent Emerging Investigators Series article focuses on Nickel single atom catalyst supported on the gallium nitride monolayer: first principles investigations on the decisive role of support in the electrocatalytic reduction of CO₂. How has your research evolved from your first article?

My research in computational catalyst design for single-atom catalysts (SACs) has evolved from simple activity screening toward a more holistic, mechanism-driven and materials-realistic framework for energy conversion reactions such as CO₂ reduction (CO₂RR) and nitrogen reduction (NRR). Early studies from our group largely focused on identifying SACs on ideal supports using adsorption energies and limiting potentials as descriptors, establishing structure–activity relationships for key intermediates (*CO₂⁻, *COOH, *N₂, *N₂H). More recently, our efforts have expanded to double-atom catalysts (DACs), where synergistic electronic and geometric interactions between adjacent metal sites offer enhanced catalytic activity and improved reaction selectivity. In parallel, we have increasingly incorporated solvent effects to bridge the gap between idealized theoretical models and realistic electrochemical operating conditions. Furthermore, we employ data-driven strategies, including high-throughput screening and machine-learning approaches, to accelerate the discovery of stable and aggregation-resistant SAC/DAC motifs while explicitly accounting for competitive pathways such as the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Collectively, these advances reflect a clear transition from simple descriptor-based screening toward predictive, operando-relevant computational design of atomic-scale catalysts for sustainable energy conversion.

What aspect of your work excites you most right now?

The most exciting aspect of computational catalyst design for energy conversion reactions is the unprecedented ability to rationally engineer catalytic sites at the atomic level. First-principles simulations allow us to precisely correlate coordination environment, electronic structure, and reaction energetics, revealing how isolated metal atoms or synergistic bimetallic pairs break traditional scaling relationships and selectively stabilize key intermediates (*COOH, *CO, *N₂H, *NH₂). Coupled with machine learning and high-throughput screening, computational design is transforming catalyst discovery from trial-and-error to predictive, mechanism-driven optimization, accelerating the development of highly selective, low-overpotential catalysts for sustainable CO₂ conversion and ammonia synthesis.

Which profession would you choose if you weren’t a scientist?

If I weren’t a scientist, I would choose to be a teacher of poetry, a profession that blends the joy of guiding minds with the freedom of creative expression. Teaching would allow me to nurture curiosity, critical thinking, and a love for learning, much like science does, but through stories, discussions, and shared reflection. Poetry, on the other hand, would give me a language to explore emotions, nature, and human experiences beyond equations and data. Together, teaching and poetry would let me inspire others not only to understand the world, but also to feel it deeply, turning knowledge into meaning and learning into a lifelong conversation.

What one piece of career advice would you share with other early career scientists?

I would advise early career scientists to be patient and persistent, and to focus on developing a strong fundamental understanding rather than chasing trends. Building depth in one’s expertise, maintaining curiosity, and embracing interdisciplinary collaborations can lead to more meaningful and sustained research contributions. Rejections and setbacks are part of the process; treat them as feedback rather than failure.

How do you feel about Sustainable Energy & Fuels as a place to publish research on this topic?

Sustainable Energy & Fuels is an excellent platform for publishing research on energy conversion processes, as it sits at the intersection of fundamental science and real-world sustainability challenges. The journal values mechanistic insight, rigorous theory–experiment synergy, and clear relevance to low-carbon energy technologies, which aligns well with studies on electrocatalytic pathways, active-site engineering, and reaction selectivity in CO₂ and N₂ conversion. Its broad readership across chemistry, materials science, and energy research ensures strong visibility, while the emphasis on sustainability encourages authors to frame catalytic performance in terms of efficiency, scalability, and environmental impact rather than isolated metrics. Overall, it provides a credible and high-impact platform for advancing and contextualizing fundamental advances in CO₂RR and NRR within the global energy transition.