Materials Chemistry Frontiers Blog

In the emerging technologies of organic electronics, positional isomerism has appeared in recent years as an efficient molecular tool to tune the electronic and physical properties of organic semi-con­­ductors (OSCs), which are at the heart of the devices. For example, modifying the position of the linkages (ortho, meta, para), allows to extend or restrict the π-con­jugation between two molecular fragments and, all the key electronic parameters of an OSC can be easily modified (HOMO / LUMO energy levels, single and triplet state energies, charge carriers mobilities…) leading to substantial different performances in electronic devices.

The indacenobisthiophene (IDT) fragment, which is an association of two thienyl cores to a central phe­nyl ring, has appeared in the last ten years as an important building unit to construct efficient or­ganic materials mainly for organic photovoltaics but also for Organic Field-Effect Transistors (OFETs). However, with a few exceptions, nearly all the IDT-based molecules described to date in the literature are cons­tructed on a central para-linked phenyl ring with the two thienyl sulfur atoms in an anti-configuration (see para-IDT core in pink in Chart 1). Re­cent­ly, the study of IDT positional isomers possessing a central meta-linked phenyl unit with the two sulfur atoms in a syn configuration (see meta-IDT core in blue in Chart 1) has allowed to show the impact of positional isomerism on this family of compounds.

Continuing this systematic approach, the authors investigate herein the incorporation of the widely known electron rich phe­nyl­­acridine (PA) fragment spiro-linked to the meta- or para-IDT core. Thus, Di­Spiro­Phe­nyl­A­cri­dine-IDT isomers, para-DSPA-IDT and meta-DSPA-IDT, constructed on the so-called “3π-2spiro” ar­chi­te­ctu­re, have been investigated through a detailed structure-properties relationship study.

Chart 1. Positional isomers investigated (para-DSPA-IDT and meta-DSPA-IDT)

In the present work, the group of Prof Cyril Poriel and Prof Joëlle Rault-Berthelot (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes- UMR 6226, Rennes) reports that the phenylacridine fragment significantly modifies the elec­tronic, physical and charge transport properties compared to structurally related DiSpiro­Fluo­­re­ne-IDT analogues (para-DSF-IDT, meta-DSF-IDT). This finding is different to what was reported in literature for other couples of IDT-based isomers and shows the key role played by the spiro-connected frag­ments on the charge transport properties of these molecular systems and open new avenues for meta-substituted oligomers.

Despite that the properties are mainly driven by the IDT core, this work shows that the bridges (herein spiro-connected phenylacridine) allow a fine tuning of all the properties. Particularly, the electrochemical studies have revealed the strong differences observed in the oxidation of the two isomers.

Figure 1. Left, CVs of para-DSPA-IDT (1.5 × 10^-3 M) and of meta-DSPA-IDT (2.15 × 10^-3 M) recorded between 0.25 and 1.8 V, sweep-rate 100 mV.s^-1. Right: DPVs normalized on the first oxidation wave for para-DSPA-IDT and on the second oxidation wave for meta-DSPA-IDT. Pulse Height: 25 mV, sweep-rate 50 mV.s^-1, t: 50 ms. Working platinum disk electrode (Ø 1 mm).

This work also shows that the mobilities of charge carriers are higher for the meta isomer than for the para isomer. This finding is different to what was reported in literature for other couples of IDT-based isomers and shows the key role played by the spiro-connected frag­ments on the charge transport properties of these molecular systems.

Figure 2. Thickness-scaled current-voltage characteristic of the para– and meta-DSPA-IDT and para– and meta-DSF-IDT hole-only SCLC devices (Left), SCLC mobility and SCLC device (right). In left, the dotted lines indicate the SCLC regime and the continuous ones the Ohmic regime.

BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATIONS

Cyril Poriel received his PhD in 2003 from the University of Rennes 1. After a postdoctoral stay at the University of Exeter (UK), he joined the CNRS (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) in 2005, where he is currently CNRS Research Director. His main research interest deals with the design of π-conjugated architectures for Organic Electronics. He is author/co-author of more than 120 publications, reviews and book chapters.

Joëlle Rault-Berthelot received her PhD in 1986 from the University of Rennes 1, where she is currently CNRS research director (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes). She has been working for 40 years in electrochemistry. Since 2005, she is involved in the design of π-conjugated systems for Organic Electronics and is author/co-author of more than 160 publications, reviews and book chapters.

Carbon dots (CDs) are nanosized carbon particles that have attracted the attention of researchers from different fields for their potential applications due to their high photostability, tunable excitation and emission, low toxicity and high biocompatibility. Reports on CDs that are soluble in non-aqueous solutions are still scarce, despite being recognized as promising materials and their compatibility with biological membranes facilitates their traversing. This feature is attractive for biomedical applications, in particular in cancer, where drug resistance and low specificity (i.e. side effects) urge the development of new drugs whose fate may be compromised by solubility, stability and clearance rate.

Recently the group of Prof. Santoyo and collaborators at Universidad of Granada (Spain) have demonstrated that the thermolysis of citric acid in DMSO and then reaction with alkyl amines yields CDs (LCDs) that bear both hydrophobic alkyl chains and carboxylic groups, and that the former make them suitable for hosting hydrophobic guests and the latter allow the modulation of their hydrosolubility. As a proof of concept the hydrophobic drug camptothecin (CPT) and the NIR fluorescent hydrophobic dye IR780 were assayed. The clinical implementation of both molecules is limited by their poor solubility, although CPT is a potent chemotherapeutic agent and IR786, besides the emission in the 807–823 nm wavelength range that makes it suitable for bioimaging, shows an absorption peak at 792 nm that yields a temperature increase and a production of ROS upon illumination with NIR light, enabling its use in photothermal and photodynamic therapies.

When LCD-2Na was loaded with CPT to yield LCD-2Na@CPT and the toxicity on a battery of cell lines was compared with an equivalent amount of free fresh CPT (Fig. 1), results demonstrated that the interaction between LCD-2Na and CPT is reversible and that the released drug is functional, despite it underwent a processing incompatible with the stability of free CPT.

Fig.1 Comparison of the cytotoxicity of LCD-2Na@CPT (green) and free CPT (red) on different cancer cell lines at different equivalent concentrations of CPT. Cell lines were incubated for 24 h with suitable amounts of either free CPT or LCD-2Na@CPT and cytotoxicity was assayed by the MTT method. Results are means ±1 standard deviation.

Additionally, the system LCD-2Na@IR780 was found to provoke an increase in the temperature of the solution up to 68℃ upon illumination with a 808 nm laser and yielded the formation of oxygen singlet with the concomitant destruction of IR780. At this point, it is important to recall that temperatures above 48℃ for minutes provoke irreversible injury that is enhanced by the reactive species produced during the destruction of IR780 by the laser.

Fig. 2 Temperature increase as a function of time of 200 μL of a water solutions containing 133 μM IR783 (red), 72 μM LCD-2Na@IR780 (blue) and 285 μM LCD-2Na@IR780 (magenta) irradiated with a 808 nm NIR laser at a power of 1.2 W cm−2 for 5 min (A) or 10 min (B). Inset B: Thermal image of the epperdorf containing the LCD-2Na@IR780 solution and the sample holder during the illumination. The temperature was recorded in real time with a high-resolution infrared camera.

It is important to highlight that LCDs are well tolerated by cells and, using a suitable length of the alkyl chains, they form inclusion complexes with hydrophobic guests of complementary size. The values of log P and the results obtained from the model molecules CPT and IR780 support the biotechnological potential of LCDs as drug carriers and in photothermal therapy.

Francisco Santoyo-Gonzalez is a Full Professor in Organic Chemistry at Universidad de Granada (Spain), full member of the Academy of Mathematics, Physical-Chemistry and Natural Sciences and  founder and leader of the group Glycochemistry & Bioconjugation. His research focuses on the development of new synthetic methodologies, with a particular emphasis in those related with the click-chemistry concept, and their application in a variety of diverse (bio)fields including cyclodextrins, glycochemistry, bioconjugation, non catalytic and catalytic hybrid-materials, nano-materials, targeted drug delivery, gene-transfection and (bio)sensors.