Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology blog

Onur Apul is an assistant professor of environmental engineering at the University of Maine. He earned his Ph.D. in 2014 in Environmental Engineering at Clemson University and his M.S. in 2009 from Turkey’s Middle East Technical University. Dr. Apul is selected to the 2022 cohort of the American Academy of Environmental Engineers and Scientists, 40 Under 40 Recognition Program. In 2021, he received the Emerging Investigator Award by Sustainable Nanotechnology Organization. In 2019, he received the “Outstanding Teacher Award” from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) – Student Chapter. Dr. Apul has published more than 65 peer-reviewed journal articles and submitted 6 patent applications to date. He has given more than 100 presentations including invited keynote lectures and invited talks at national and international meetings. He is an editor of Chemical Engineering Science and early career editorial board member of Chemical Engineering Journal Advances and a member of American Chemical Society, Sustainable Nanotechnology Organization, and the Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors.

Read Onur’s Emerging Investigator article “Microplastic-based Leachate Formation under UV Irradiation: The Extent, Characteristics, and Mechanisms” and read more about him in the interview below:

Your recent Emerging Investigator Series paper focuses on Microplastic-based Leachate Formation under UV Irradiation: The Extent, Characteristics, and Mechanisms. How has your research evolved from your first article to this most recent article?

My PhD research focused on delineating intermolecular interactions for adsorption of organic pollutants by carbon-based materials. My training in adsorption of synthetic organic compounds inspired me to study microplastic surfaces as a new domain in aquatic environments. In the lab, we were getting familiar with microplastics, and our collaborator and EPA researcher Dr. Ateia helped us realize the importance of release of dissolved organic matter from microplastics. Overall, this study is a product of another type of interfacial interaction which gradually evolved from my PhD work.

What aspect of your work are you most excited about at the moment?

This study is only a first step of understanding interfacial interactions of microplastics in natural waters. There are other exciting and relevant research questions that we are asking to reveal this mechanism further. But personally, the ability to raise awareness and eventually mitigate this potential water quality problem, which is only recently connected to the life-cycle of plastics, excites me the most.

In your opinion, what are the most important questions to be asked/answered in this field of research?

New and advanced plastics and composites are breaking through in research and development. There are claims regarding their biodegradability, UV resistance, thermal resistance, self-healing properties. But how do these exciting material properties change the way these microplastics leach dissolved organic matter? And do we have the means to manage this additional influx of organic matter in water treatment facilities especially if you consider microplastics as widespread, increasing, non-point sources of pollution.

What do you find most challenging about your research?

Balancing the complexity of actual systems and the simplicity that we need in the lab to reveal fundamental information is the most challenging part of this research. In the environment there are so many types of plastics, different shapes, sizes, water quality metrics, biofilm coverage of these materials, mechanical interactions, diurnal variations, temperature changes. However, in the lab we are using distilled water and perfectly spherical, 3 mm beads in idealized conditions to understand very specific mechanisms. Although we learn transformative and new knowledge in simple systems, the differences between real world conditions start to make our research context disconnected. For engineers, I believe this delicate balance is universal and always challenging.

In which upcoming conferences or events may our readers meet you?

I try to attend Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors (AEESP) Research and Education Conferences, Sustainable Nanotechnology Organization (SNO) Conferences, American Chemical Society (ACS) Conferences, Water Quality and Technology Conference, (WQTC), Gordon Research Conferences (GRC).

How do you spend your spare time?

I try to read, listen to music, ride my bicycle, play basketball and exercise. But I am not doing a good job in balancing my time between work and play.

Which profession would you choose if you were not a scientist?

I would choose to be a lawyer. Probably because I don’t know how hard it is to be one.

Can you share one piece of career-related advice or wisdom with other early career scientists?

I would suggest learning how to manage time early on, which means learning how to say “no” to some opportunities. This would allow focusing on your research and advance more in one area. Also be kind to yourself. You are doing good!

Dr. Mengyan Li is an Associate Professor in the Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science at New Jersey Institute of Technology, specializing in environmental microbiology and biotechnology. Dr. Li received his MS and Ph.D. degrees in Environmental Engineering at Rice University. His research focuses on untangling novel microbial processes that decompose and transform emerging contaminants (e.g., 1,4-dioxane, PFAS, and antibiotics) and developing effective treatment technologies suited for municipal, industrial, and agricultural settings. To tackle frontier challenges in the water-energy-food nexus, his group synergizes modern biotechnological tools (e.g., omics, single-cell analysis, and microarray) with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Dr. Li is a recipient of the NSF CAREER Award, ISPTS Young Scientist Award, and NJIT CSLA Research Rising Star and Graduate Education Awards.

Read Mengyan’s Emerging Investigator article “environment-specific auxiliary substrates tailored for effective cometabolic bioremediation of 1,4-dioxane” and read more about him in the interview below:

Your recent Emerging Investigator Series paper focuses on Environment-specific Auxiliary Substrates Tailored for Effective Cometabolic Bioremediation of 1,4-Dioxane. How has your research evolved from your first article to this most recent article?

Fortunately, I have been working on 1,4-dioxane biodegradation and bioremediation ever since the beginning of my PhD study. Metabolism and cometabolism are two ways for microorganisms to degrade this emerging contaminant. Metabolism relies on microbes that can grow on 1,4-dioxane as the sole carbon and energy source. In contrast, microbes that cometabolize 1,4-dioxane require auxiliary substrates, such as propane and 1-propanol, to fuel the cells and stimulate the expression of 1,4-dioxane degrading enzymes. During my PhD at Rice University, I published my first article focusing on 1,4-dioxane metabolism and its implications for natural attenuation and bioaugmentation. However, bioremediation by metabolizers is challenged by several limitations for field applications. For instance, most 1,4-dioxane metabolizers tend to form clumps and exhibit low activities when 1,4-dioxane concentration is at trace level in the field. In this Emerging Investigator Series paper, we revealed that cometabolic bioremediation of 1,4-dioxane can be feasible in diverse environments. We also proved that 1-propanol can be an alternative auxiliary substrate as effective as propane when the native microbiome is low in biomass and diversity. This is a major advancement for field applications, since injection of liquid substrates like 1-propanol is more manageable and cost-efficient in deep aquifers and other 1,4-dioxane-impacted environments where injection of gaseous substrates like propane becomes less practical.

What aspect of your work are you most excited about at the moment?

I am very excited about untangling the molecular foundations for the biodegradation of 1,4-dioxane and other emerging contaminants and transform the learned knowledge to the innovation of remediation technologies to permanently remove these concerned chemicals.

In your opinion, what are the most important questions to be asked/answered in this field of research?

I think it is important to investigate (1) how to sustain and stimulate the activity of native or introduced microbes to degrade the contaminant of concern and (2) how native microbiomes and other environmental factors affect the performance of intrinsic bioremediation.

What do you find most challenging about your research?

With the assistance of state-of-the-art sequencing technologies, we are able to obtain the genomes or metagenomes of contaminant-degrading isolates or consortia, from which several putative genes can be predicted to be associated with the degradation of the contaminant. It is a challenging and tedious task to validate the function of these genes of interests though several biotechnologies (e.g., cloning and knock-out mutation) are available.

In which upcoming conferences or events may our readers meet you?

I routinely take my group to attend national and regional conferences organized by Battelle, Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors (AEESP), American Chemical Society (ACS), American Society for Microbiology (ASM), and Gordon Research Conferences (GRC). Internationally, I attend conferences organized by International Society for Microbial Ecology (ISME) and International Water Association (IWA). I look forward to connecting with the RSC-ES community in future events.

How do you spend your spare time?

I love nature and arts. Being located in the Metro New York area, I enjoy hiking on the Appalachian Trail, as well as exploring museums, galleries, and ethnic food around.

Which profession would you choose if you were not a scientist?

As an environmental scientist, I am looking for cures for our environment. Alternatively, I would probably work in the pharmaceutical industry to find cures for human beings.

Can you share one piece of career-related advice or wisdom with other early career scientists?

Being motivated and persistent are two driving forces for me to unravel the unknowns and innovate our traditions.

Read Oded Nir’s Emerging Investigator article “Elucidating morphological effects in membrane mineral fouling using real-time particle imaging and impedance spectroscopy” and read more about him in the interview below:

Your recent Emerging Investigator Series paper focuses on elucidating morphological effects in membrane mineral fouling using real-time particle imaging and impedance spectroscopy. How has your research evolved from your first article to this most recent article?

One of the projects I worked on during my postdoc was using acid-resistant membranes for the filtration of wastewater effluent. Although the effluent itself was not acidic, the robust membrane permitted the use of frequent cleaning with strong acid to eliminate scaling minerals. That can potentially allow reaching very high concentration on the retentate, which means higher permeate recovery and lower brine volume – a critical goal in wastewater effluent filtration. Doing the experiments, I found indications that unlike calcium carbonate, which tends to scale the membrane, calcium phosphate precipitation occurs mainly in the retentate solution, creating some kind of a cake layer. I was curious to know why it is happening, what are the crystal morphologies and the implications on fouling and cleaning, so in my lab, we took a deeper dive into mineral scaling using advanced real-time monitoring. Our findings strongly supported our early assumptions.

What aspect of your work are you most excited about at the moment?

Currently I am very excited about combining water and wastewater treatment with resource recovery, especially nutrients, through smart process designs.

In your opinion, what are the most important questions to be asked/answered in this field of research?

There is a lot of developments in the field of sustainable water treatment and resource recovery, but I think very often the question should be: is the technology or the process I developed techno-economically feasible? Or at-least, do you see a path towards techno-economical viability? We need these solutions now, not within 20-30 years.

What do you find most challenging about your research?

Bringing a technology from lab to commercial use is very challenging. The solution must be very simple, elegant, and economically attractive. Unfortunately, there is currently not enough incentive for young PI’s to push their innovations toward scale-up.

In which upcoming conferences or events may our readers meet you?

I will be giving talks in the European Desalination Society Congress (EDS 2022 Las-Palmas, Spain), and at the Nanofiltration 2022 conference in Achalem, Germany. Would be very happy to be approached by anyone interested.

How do you spend your spare time?

Mostly with my family. I also do trail running and hiking near our beautiful campus in the Negev desert

Which profession would you choose if you were not a scientist?

Has to be something creative, perhaps content creator or a musician

Can you share one piece of career-related advice or wisdom with other early career scientists?

Treat your students in the best possible way. Always listen, never get angry when making mistakes.

Li Gao is a Research Strategist at South East Water. He received MSc and Phd from Delft University of Technology (Netherlands) and Victoria University (Australia), respectively. His Phd study focused on the development of novel membrane process for desalination purpose. Since his PhD completion, Li has been working in the water utilities and coordinates the strategic research portfolio. His research interests include novel membrane process/material development, emerging contaminant removal, and nature-based water treatment. Li is also an Adjunct Senior Lecturer at Griffith University, Australia.

Read Li Gao’s Emerging Investigator article “Emerging investigator series: Effects of sediment particle size on the spatial distributions of contaminants and bacterial communities in the reservoir sediments” and read more about him in the interview below:

Your recent Emerging Investigator Series paper focuses on Effects of sediment particle size on the spatial distributions of contaminants and bacterial communities in the reservoir sediments. How has your research evolved from your first article to this most recent article?

My initial research starts from algae bloom and water quality. It grows organically to a broader area, including different contaminants (heavy metals, microplastics, PFAS, different microbial contaminants, etc.) in the raw water (rivers and reservoirs), various energy efficient treatment processes (membranes and AOP processes), and network management. I believe we should take a ‘whole-of-system’ approach to manage the entire urban water cycle.

What aspect of your work are you most excited about at the moment?

Now we are facing a different world with pressures from population growth, resource scarcity, and climate change. My research contributes to the transformation of water industry with the circular economy, helping us to build a more sustainable future.

In your opinion, what are the most important questions to be asked/answered in this field of research?

We find that it is unavoidable to implement the desilting in the reservoirs due to the accumulation of silts. The water quality in reservoirs can be affected significantly for an extended period of time, affecting the environments and water supply security. The key question here is to better understand the effects and develop solutions to manage the negative effects.

What do you find most challenging about your research?

Since I work as a researcher in a water utility, I find the most challenging thing is to transfer the excellent research outcomes into real industry benefits. A lot of studies focus on the fundamental research, which cannot be directly utilised in the industry. It is imperative to bring both sides together and bridge the gaps between research and industry needs.

In which upcoming conferences or events may our readers meet you?

I serve as the organising committee member for the 11^th International Membrane Science & Technology Conference (5^th – 8^th Dec 2022 in Melbourne) and scientific committee member for the 13^th International Water Association Specialist Conference on Wastewater Ponds and Algal Technologies (3^rd – 6^th July 2022 in Melbourne). I am looking forward to meeting peers face-to-face again after 2 years pause and delay due to the COVID-19.

How do you spend your spare time?

I have young kids, they always keep me busy 😊

Which profession would you choose if you were not a scientist?

I enjoy nice food and probably try to open a restaurant and become a Chef.

Can you share one piece of career-related advice or wisdom with other early career scientists?

I do not think I am qualified to provide advice to other early career researchers, but I would like to share the famous movie quote – ‘Life was like a box a chocolates. You never know what you’re gonna get’.

Dr. Heyang Yuan is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Temple University. Prior to joining Temple, he worked as a postdoctoral research associate at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He received his B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D. from Tongji University (2011), the Technical University of Munich (2013), and Virginia Tech (2017), respectively. Dr. Yuan’s research is focused on developing new environmental biotechnology for water/wastewater treatment and energy/resource recovery. He is also interested in understanding the microbial ecology and the ecophysiology of the functional populations in various bioprocesses, as well as developing genomics-enable models for those bioprocesses. His research articles have received about 1,500 citations, and his research is funded by the United States Department of Agriculture and National Science Foundation.

Read Heyang Yuan’s Emerging Investigator article “Emerging investigator series: Modeling of Wastewater Treatment Bioprocesses: Current Development and Future Opportunities” and read more about him in the interview below:

Your recent Emerging Investigator Series paper focuses on Modeling of Wastewater Treatment Bioprocesses: Current Development and Future Opportunities. How has your research evolved from your first article to this most recent article?

Mechanistic and data-driven models as two well-established tools to simulate engineered bioprocesses have their inherent problems. I have built both types of models for different bioreactors and, like many other researchers, have experienced difficulty and frustration when performing laborious calibration of my models. In the last year of my Ph.D. study, I was fortunate to have several insightful conversations with collaborators and academic peers and came across a Nature Method paper that reconstructed microbial communities using artificial neural networks. It is at that time I started to think about the possibility of incorporating genomic data into model construction. The idea has been continuously tested in our lab using population dynamics (16S rRNA amplicon sequencing data) and function dynamics (metatranscriptomic data) to train data-driven and hybrid models over the past three years and is now one of the main thrusts of my research.

What aspect of your work are you most excited about at the moment?

Incorporating genomic data into model construction can potentially lead to robust and interpretable extrapolation of system performance, thus allowing us to design and optimize new bioprocesses in silico. This will ultimately accelerate the development and implementation of more sustainable environmental biotechnology in a cost-effective way and profoundly change how we conduct experimental research.

In your opinion, what are the most important questions to be asked/answered in this field of research?

I am deeply intrigued by the methodology used to study environmental biotechnology and microbiology and always ask two questions: 1) are the methods adequate to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the observations, and 2) how we can develop new methods to better elucidate the mechanisms.

What do you find most challenging about your research?

As a self-trained basketball player, most of my college time was spent on the court, and our team used to win a championship. Over the past five years, my skills and stamina have inevitably degenerated due to lack of training. It became even more difficult to find time for basketball since my son was born and I started my current position. Balancing life and work seems to be an everlasting challenge for most people in academia.

In which upcoming conferences or events may our readers meet you?

I am excited to present our recent work on genomics-enabled hybrid modeling at the Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors (AEESP) Research and Education Conference at Washington University in St. Louis in June 2022.

How do you spend your spare time?

Playing with my three-year-old son (that is actually how I spend most of my daytime).

Which profession would you choose if you were not a scientist?

War photographer.

Can you share one piece of career-related advice or wisdom with other early career scientists?

One thing I have learned over the years is that mental strength is built based on physical strength. Regular exercise makes me think more proactively, and work can be done much more efficiently. (Speaking of which, I am going to unpack that Nintendo Switch Ring Fit Adventure I bought a month ago right away.)

Joe Goodwill is currently an Assistant Professor in the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department in the College of Engineering at the University of Rhode Island, a position he started in the fall of 2017. In this appointment he executes research in physical-chemical processes, water quality, and water-poverty issues. He also teaches classes focused on water treatment and reuse, and environmental analytical techniques. His Ph.D. and M.S. degrees in Civil Engineering are from the University of Massachusetts Amherst. He also holds a B.S. in Civil Engineering from Lafayette College. Prior to entering academia, Joe was a Project Engineer for Black & Veatch working on global projects out of their Philadelphia office. He is a licensed Professional Engineer (PE), and a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Accredited Professional. Joe also works with multiple international water NGOs, supporting projects in Malawi, India, Ghana, and Bolivia. He received an NSF Faculty Early Career Development Award in 2021.

Read Joseph Goodwill’s Emerging Investigator article “Emerging investigator series: Moving beyond resilience by considering antifragility in potable water systems” and read more about him in the interview below:

Your recent Emerging Investigator Series paper focuses on Moving Beyond Resilience by Considering Antifragility in Potable Water Systems. How has your research evolved from your first article to this most recent article?

In my previous work, I focused exclusively on individual physicochemical processes such as oxidation, adsorption, coagulation, and filtration. My prior research looked at these processes individually without considering overall plant design. Here, my co-authors and I take a system-level view of drinking water plants and articulate a few ways they might be designed differently to best cope with the future. I believe that when we “zoom out” like this, there emerge opportunities to incorporate antifragility into the system so that during periods of volatility, performance improves. This contrasts with being resilient whereby performance would still deteriorate under volatility but recover relatively quickly.

What aspect of your work are you most excited about at the moment?

This antifragility research is exciting because it is inherently applied research. Potable water systems are struggling with extreme events and volatility right now, and solutions are urgently needed. Fortunately, antifragile processes, such as manganese oxidized media, are at a high technical readiness level. Also, some of the tools available to design antifragile systems, such as artificial neural networks, are beginning to see usage in the field. The challenge is to first consider the antifragile paradigm. Helping water system designers with this is deeply rewarding.

In your opinion, what are the most important questions to be asked/answered in this field of research?

The most pressing question is: How do we prepare for climate change and extreme events? I argue in this perspective paper that our best course of action is to embrace these changes rather than take an adversarial posture. Resilience is in conflict with change. To be resilient is to bend and possibly break as a result of stress, but recover relatively quickly. I believe we would do better by becoming antifragile to these changes and thrive when stressed, not just survive. This would decrease reliance on prediction and lead to better water quality.

The next question assuming a water system wants to incorporate antifragility is: How do we become antifragile? In the paper we develop several examples of process changes a plant could make that provide more upside than downside to certain types of volatility. We also develop some tools that would enable antifragile designs. For example, digital twins are an emerging tool gaining traction in the field allowing for “stress testing” of systems to future conditions.

What do you find most challenging about your research?

With the topic of antifragility, the most challenging aspect is getting people to understand it. I also struggled with it, initially. I find that the resilience/robust paradigm is so engrained that often engineers cannot think of an alternative. There are advantages to considering antifragility that water systems designers and managers may find useful. Primary among these advantages is no longer needing precise predictions of the future (that often are not the most accurate). Once we open ourselves up to the antifragile paradigm we can make informed decisions about our water systems. There are downsides too, of course, and one of them is cost. An antifragile system will cost more than a system that is optimized for lowest cost given assumed stationarity. We also describe in the paper a way to consider these additional costs through the process of tradeoff analysis.

In which upcoming conferences or events may our readers meet you?

I can typically be found at the American Water Works Association (AWWA) Water Quality & Technology Conference (WQTC), the Association of Environmental Engineering & Science Professors (AEESP) Research and Education Conference, and the American Chemical Society (ACS) Annual Fall Conference. I am also happy to meet virtually (e.g., Zoom etc.) with anyone interested in my work.

How do you spend your spare time?

I enjoy being physically activate, and vacations include hiking or other outdoor activities. Cultivating a love of nature makes me a better environmental engineer. I also like to make music and I am currently teaching myself the banjo.

Which profession would you choose if you were not a scientist?

I sometimes daydream that I had a career in the United States military. My heart goes out to all those that wear the uniform. I ultimately feel that being an environmental engineering professor is my highest and best use, and I try to serve my country through research and teaching.

Can you share one piece of career-related advice or wisdom with other early career scientists?

Do not pursue money or prestige. Instead, focus on what gives you a sense of purpose and peace. Those are the feelings that will carry you through difficult times in your life, and you should chase them with everything you have. Listen to the still, small voice inside of you. It is trying to tell you something important.

I am Alexandre H. Pinto, popularly known as Alex Pinto. I have been an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at Manhattan College in New York City since Fall 2019. My research combines concepts of nanoparticle synthesis, experimental kinetics and thermodynamics studies of water environmental remediation, mainly by adsorption and photocatalytic mechanisms.

A little bit about myself, I was born and raised in Brazil. I also obtained my Bachelor’s degree in Chemistry and a Master’s degree in Physical Chemistry there, at Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos. Then, I moved to the USA for Graduate School. I obtained my Ph.D. in Chemistry from the University of Minnesota in 2017, advised by Prof. R. Lee Penn.

Read Alexandre Pinto’s Emerging Investigator article “Emerging investigator series: Photocatalytic membrane reactors: fundamentals and advances in preparation and application in wastewater treatment” and read more about him in the interview below:

How did you decide on your current research field?

The focus of my Ph.D. research was the synthesis of nanoparticles of transition metal sulfides using the microwave as a heating method, mainly envisioning thin films preparation for solar cell applications. Although my research at that time had been rooted in the Green Chemistry Principles, there was no correlation to water remediation and its kinetics studies. I started to get interested in this area when I was working with an undergraduate Summer student, and one of the compounds we prepared seemed to have some photocatalytic activity. That eventual finding got me starting on reading the literature, learning about the adsorption and photocatalysis setups and calculations. I could not take to fruition these fields during my Ph.D. research, so, in my spare time, I used to brainstorm how I could implement it when I became a Principal Investigator. By the time I graduated, I felt intellectually equipped to implement these ideas as soon as a chance appeared.

And when could you finally implement these ideas?

My contact with undergraduate students during Graduate School revealed that I would like to be a Professor in a Primarily Undergraduate Institution (PUI). These schools are common in the USA. They are institutions that work mostly with undergraduate students, offering undergraduate degrees. Some of them usually offer Masters’s degrees, but not Ph.D. degrees.

So, in my last year in Graduate School, I started applying for positions in PUIs, and I was fortunate to get a job in Ithaca College, in Ithaca, NY state. This position was very particular regarding its attributions. Officially it was called Postdoctoral Teaching and Research Scholar. In practice, it was very similar to a Visiting Assistant Professor Position. I say that because I had to develop my own courses and received support from the Department to conduct my own research group with my own ideas and undergraduate advisees. And that is when I consider the birth of the Alex Pinto group, in Fall 2017. It was when I could start implementing my first ideas about photocatalysis and adsorption studies.

Those two years that I worked in Ithaca College were wonderful. I was fortunate to work with amazing students and supportive colleagues, who gave me the confidence that I was on the right path. That time was so productive that our group ended up publishing five peer-reviewed articles from the research started at that time. We also received the best poster presentation in one ACS regional Meeting (ACS Northeast Nanomaterials Meeting, Lake Placid, NY, June 2018), and one ACS National Meeting (at 257^th American Chemical Society National Meeting, in Orlando, FL, April 2019). But even more important to that was the opportunity to help the former students from our group to get into the job, Master’s or Ph.D. Programs from their choice, by writing recommendation letters, helping them crafting their materials, and talking to potential employer’s calls.

So, talk more about the article you published in the Emerging Investigator Series?

The article published in the Emerging Investigators Series is a tutorial review called “Photocatalytic membrane reactors: fundamentals and advances in preparation and application in wastewater treatment”. My collaborator in this project was Professor Mahbubhoor Choudhury, from the Manhattan College Department of Environmental Engineering. This article talked about the fundamentals and state of the art of photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMRs). These reactors combine the filtering and photocatalytic degradation processes to eliminate pollutants from wastewater. We included papers describing both lab-scale simulated wastewater and pilot-scale real matrices wastewater. We also covered different types of pollutants, such as pharmaceutical molecules and antibiotic-resistant bacterias. There are topics about antifouling properties of the PMRs too. We also tried to include our viewpoints about the future developments in the PMRs fields.

How did the idea to write this review article came up?

I first received the invitation from editorial office in early Summer 2020. Due to the journal’s scope, I thought it appropriate to write a tutorial review about photocatalytic membranes, which is the area the groups of Prof. Choudhury and mine had started collaborating. Unfortunately, by that time, the labs were all closed due to the covid-19 restrictions. So, we could not envision much advancement in our experimental research by that time. This fact indicated to us that the review article would be the best decision at that time. Then, the Environmental Engineering Master student Andrew Ashley and the undergraduate Biochemistry major Brandon Thrope worked on writing about half of the article. The other half was divided between Professor Choudhury and I. We also compiled and edited the version submitted to the journal.

And since the tutorial review article elaboration, how has your research evolved?

Since then, we have been glad to be funded by a research grant from the American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund (ACS-PRF). In this project, we have been working on developing photocatalytic membranes for the desulfurization of simulated fuels. The students in my group are now specifically working on methods to prepare composites of graphene oxide and titanium dioxide (TiO₂), aiming to use these composites as active materials in the photocatalytic membranes. If everything works as planned, we hope to advance to membranes preparation in the next few months. Once the membranes are prepared, we can start studying them both in the batch and flow regimes for water pollutants photocatalytic degradation and photocatalytic desulfurization.

Here, I can not refrain to cite our collaborators in these projects. Since, I first started at Ithaca College, I have kept collaborating with Professor Nirupam Aich, from the Civil and Environmental Engineering at University of Buffalo. Professor Aich and his students have been essential for us to characterize the materials using the techniques we do not have in Manhattan College, such as scanning electron microscopy. Another long-time collaborator is Prof. Rajesh Sunasee from the State University of New York (SUNY) in Plattsburgh. Prof. Sunassee provide us functionalized cellulose nanocrystals, which we have used for the kinetic studies of simulated wastewater remediation. A local collaboration that we will benefit from in the later stages of the project is Prof. Anton Oliynyk, who is my department colleague at Manhattan College. Prof Oliynyk will be working closely with our students on applying computational methods to adsorption different molecules on the surface of these membranes. We also have a couple of international collaborators, mostly from Brazil, such as Dr. Jose Clabel, from the University of Sao Paulo Institute of Physics of Sao Carlos, and Prof. Luiz Fernando Gorup, from Federal University of Alfenas Institute of Chemistry, from both of them we have collaborations on different types of metal oxide nanoparticles preparation and characterization.

Dr. Mahbuboor Choudhury and Dr. Alexandre H. Pinto, the corresponding authors in the Tutorial Review published in the Emerging Investigator Series.

What aspect of your work are you most excited about at the moment?

At this moment, I am excited about how the metal oxide nanoparticles shapes are going to impact the photocatalytic activity of the membranes, considering that these metal oxide nanoparticles are the photocatalytic active components of the membrane.

In your opinion, what are the most important questions to be asked/answered in this field of research?

How to make the photocatalytic membranes have higher photocatalytic activity on the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Usually, doping is a possible strategy, but not all doping ions would be indicated as safe to be present in a membrane to be applied in a real wastewater treatment plan. So, other strategies to tune the band gap of these materials should be sought.

In which upcoming conferences or events may our readers meet you?

Usually, I attend the ACS National Meetings, at least one of them per year. I am looking forward to the events resuming to be attended in person safely. So, I can start attending the ACS National Meetings again.

How do you spend your spare time?

I enjoy spending my spare time with my wife and my two kids: a toddler boy and a baby girl.

What do you find most challenging about your research?

Photocatalytic membranes combine different materials in the membrane. So, the preparation of each individual material is already a challenge. Then, once we know how to prepare them individually, the next challenge is to make them a singular material with the desired functional properties of the membrane.

Which profession would you choose if you were not a scientist?

Since I started taking choosing a profession more seriously, I always envisioned myself teaching. So, probably I would be a teacher in some other capacity, maybe a high school teacher. When I was younger and thought of profession only to be a hobby-related choice, I would probably be a soccer reporter or commentator and a writer in some capacity.

Who are your role models in science?

My role models are always people who worked with me during these years, and they all contributed immensely to getting the scientific background and knowledge that I have. In this group of people, I usually cite four scientists/educators. The first one is Prof. Emerson R. Camargo, who got me started in chemistry research when I was undergrad. I worked with him for almost six years, combined undergraduate and Master’s degrees in Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos. Then, my Ph.D. advisor, Prof. R Lee Penn from the University of Minnesota. It was a pleasure working on her group all those years in Graduate School. It is great to work with an advisor who is reputable not only for her scientific endeavors but also for her activism for minorities, diversity, equity, and inclusion. Third, I would like to remark on Prof. Eray Aydil, now at NYU Tandem School of Engineering, in NY. We worked closely when he was still working at the University of Minnesota Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science. He was a co-PI in a project with my advisor, and we used to have group meetings every other week. I really admire his capacity to have abundant ideas about the paths a project should take based on the preliminary results presented. And finally, I am also really grateful for the opportunity to work with Prof John Dwyer from Saint Catherine University in Saint Paul, Minnesota. Prof Dwyer had many decades of teaching experience in PUI. I first met him when he was spending a sabbatical period in Prof Aydil group. Knowing about Prof Dwyer’s immense teaching experience, I asked if he could mentor me in this process, which he gladly did. His mentorship and experience were great for making me better prepared for the academic job market.

Can you share one piece of career-related advice or wisdom with other early career scientists?

Do not be discouraged because of negative feedback of reviewers on manuscripts and proposals. Believe in your own motivation and resilience. Although some reviewers are very offensive in their comments to early career scientists, try to not take these comments personally. Maybe that reviewer is on a bad day or was not trained to express their opinions in a more polite way. It does not mean, at all, that you are incapable to that proposed idea to fruition.

Dr. Pinto, is your group present on any social media?

Yes, we are very active on Twitter. Our Twitter handle is @AlexPintoGroup. Twitter has been a very useful tool for interacting with other research groups and knowing more about their research. We also have our official website www.alexpintogroup.com.

Dr. Alexandre H. Pinto, and the undergraduate students from his group, in Fall 2021. From left to right: Donovan Vincent, Dylan Cho, Dr. Pinto, and Malik Williams.

David Hanigan graduated from the University of Missouri – Columbia with a B.S. in Civil and Environmental Engineering in 2009.  He was awarded an M.S. in 2011 from the University of Missouri where his research focused on the removal of trihalomethane (THM) and haloacetic acid (HAA) precursors using MIEX and activated carbon.

His PhD research (2015, Arizona State University) focused on removal, characterization, and identification of N-nitrosamine precursors. Following completion of his PhD studies, he served as a post-doctoral researcher at Arizona State University and studied the implications of nanomaterial use through their life cycle (EPA funded through the LCNano network).

Since Fall 2016, David has been an Assistant Professor at the University of Nevada, Reno.  Hanigan is affiliated with the Nevada Water Innovation Institute, a  shared effort between the local Reno/Sparks water resource agencies and utilities and the University of Nevada.  Hanigan is also actively engaged in the Global Water Center, a University of Nevada Center that focuses on having real impact by finding sustainable solutions to drought, pollution, pathogens, and beyond.

Read David Hanigan’s Emerging Investigator article “Emerging investigator series: rapid defluorination of 22 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water using sulfite irradiated by medium-pressure UV” and read more about him in the interview below:

Your recent Emerging Investigator Series paper focuses on the defluorination of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water. How has your research evolved from your first article to this most recent article?

Research that my lab now conducts is VERY different from what I published as a MS student.  I focused on disinfection by-products for both my MS and PhD and while I still have actively funded research in this area, we are doing lots of other fun things now too.  This article focused on PFAS remediation but we also have some cool funded efforts to develop instrumentation to improve the speed at which the DoD can conduct site characterization and determine if and how much remediation needs to be done.  Another project focuses on determining if PFAS are a vapor intrusion threat. Outside of PFAS we have worked to determine pharmaceutical loading to crops during irrigation with reclaimed water and how to reduce the loading of pharmaceuticals to the environment by improving waterless urinals. One student is even working on water quality effects of wildfire.

I started off working on reducing the human health threat of exposure to harmful small molecules and that is still where I am at, but the range of which small molecules I am interested in has grown substantially.

What aspect of your work are you most excited about at the moment?

We are getting ready to publish some really neat data on the volatility of PFAS.  The field has very little experimental data on their volatility and we stumbled on a really novel way to measure their Henry’s Law constants.

In your opinion, what are the most important questions to be asked/answered in this field of research?

What are the sources of PFAS in the atmosphere.  Overall we have a pretty poor understanding of the source apportionment of what is up there.

What do you find most challenging about your research?

Balancing it with the rest of my obligation as a faculty member and my life.

In which upcoming conferences or events may our readers meet you?

I just got back from AWWA WQTC.  I also regularly attend AEESP conferences, the GRC on disinfection by-products, SERDP events, and ACS.

How do you spend your spare time?

I supervise a small human.  I also still find time to mountain bike in the Sierra Nevada and the foothills around Reno.  I begrudgingly ski during the snowy part of the year.

Which profession would you choose if you were not a scientist?

Something low stress where I could work with my hands. I used to mow lawns, maybe that. I find it therapeutic. Or I might go the opposite direction and be a college football sharp.

Can you share one piece of career-related advice or wisdom with other early career scientists?

Meet lots of people. There’s nothing better than being able to phone an expert and it really helps when you are job hunting.  Also, don’t take things too seriously.

Xiao Su is an Assistant Professor in Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, and an Affiliate of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. He obtained his Bachelor in Applied Sciences in Chemical Engineering from the University of Waterloo in 2011, and PhD in Chemical Engineering from MIT in 2017. His group focuses on the design of stimuli-responsive materials for advanced separations, and the fundamental study of molecular selectivity at electrochemical interfaces. Current research directions of interest include developing electrochemically-mediated separations for (a) for water treatment, resource recovery, and environmental remediation, (b) critical element recovery and fine chemical purification, and the (c) integration of reactions and separations for process intensification. Since joining Illinois, Xiao has been the recipient of the NSF CAREER Award (2019), the ACS Victor K. Lamer Award (2020), and the ISE-Elsevier Prize for Green Electrochemistry (2021).

Read his Emerging Investigator article “Emerging investigator series: electrochemically-mediated remediation of GenX using redox-copolymers” and read more about him in the interview below:

Your recent Emerging Investigator Series paper focuses on the electrochemical remediation of PFAS from water. How has your research evolved from your first article to this most recent article?

My research has evolved significantly from my first article, which came from my undergraduate work at the University of Waterloo. I did my first co-op internship at the School of Optometry at UW, back in the winter of 2007. The article was published in 2009, presenting accurate measurements of the density of bovine ocular components. And yes, the experiments did involve collecting cow eyes and dissecting them!

Since then, my research has evolved significantly, both through my PhD at MIT and my tenure-track research here at UIUC, to encompass areas of research in chemical engineering, environmental engineering, and materials chemistry. My current group at UIUC focuses on developing new separation processes to solve energy and sustainability problems, including the integration of reaction and separations for water treatment and environmental remediation. The principal platform explored by my group are redox-active materials, which through electron-transfer, can modulate adsorption and release of target molecules, while providing selectivity.

Our recent article at ESWRT came from the very timely need for PFAS remediation. PFAS are a difficult yet highly interesting challenge for separations science, due to their unique properties and chemical stability. Our contribution is a demonstration of the capabilities of redox-polymers to selectively remove PFAS electrochemically and assist in environmental remediation, with a focus on GenX. I hope our work can help provide sustainable and efficient alternatives to this very timely environmental challenge.

In sum, I would say that research trajectories can often surprise us, such as going from bovine eyes to electrochemical water treatment!

What aspect of your work are you most excited about at the moment?

I am very excited about the growing interest in electron-transfer based technologies, and the opportunities for connecting fundamental molecular interactions with practical environmental processes. It has been exciting to see how our insights at a molecular and nanoscale can have an impact on macroscopic selectivity and the adsorption performance.

In your opinion, what are the most important questions to be asked/answered in this field of research?

I think important questions include (1) how electrochemical systems can achieve or maintain molecular selectivity within complex matrices, especially with different water sources and co-contaminants, and (2) to understand why these selectivity arise, and on the long-term, gain more predictive capabilities over the materials design.

What do you find most challenging about your research?

Broadly for electrochemical separations, it is always challenging to find the balance between capacity, selectivity, and stability, and solutions often focus on one or at most two of the components. On the long-term, systems may need to meet all three criteria to be translatable to large-scale applications. I think this will require interdisciplinary collaborations between different academic fields, partnerships with industrial stakeholders, etc.

In which upcoming conferences or events may our readers meet you?

I usually attend the American Chemical Society (ACS) Spring meeting (including the ENVR division sessions), the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) meeting in the Fall, and the Electrochemical Society (ECS). Internationally, I often attend the International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE) meetings, and the biannual CDI&E meetings. I look forward to connecting more with the broader community from ESWRT at future conferences and events!

How do you spend your spare time?

I really enjoy playing/watching soccer, some occasional Fifa on the Xbox, and more often, just hanging out with friends and family. My family and friends live now in various different places, so traveling is always a large part of my holiday activities.

Which profession would you choose if you were not a scientist?

I would definitely want to be a manager/coach for a soccer team. I have watched soccer since growing up in Brazil, and I have followed both the Brazilian national team and my home team Fluminense. More recently, I have watched a lot more of the English Premier League. I find all aspects of the managerial side fascinating, including the team selection and tactics, style of play, as well as all the excitement surrounding the transfer market.

Can you share one piece of career-related advice or wisdom with other early career scientists?

Do not be afraid to be creative, and try to come up with new solutions. I think even when all questions seem to be answered in a certain topic or area, there could be surprising insights and innovation if we think outside the box.

Dr. James Landon is the Founder & CTO of PowerTech Water, Inc. (PTW), a water treatment start-up company in Lexington, KY and an Adjunct Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Kentucky. Dr. Landon has spent over a decade on electrochemical water treatment, carbon electrode synthesis and surface chemistry, and electrochemical engineering including. Prior to transitioning to full-time employment at PTW in 2019, Dr. Landon was a Research Program Manager at the University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research, where he lead or helped to lead many state and federal research projects. He has authored and co-authored over 50 peer-reviewed publications and patents filed in the field of electrochemical separations as well as numerous conference presentations. Dr. Landon received his BS in Chemical Engineering from Lehigh University in 2006 and a PhD in Chemical Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University in 2011.

Read his Emerging Investigator article “Emerging investigator series: local pH effects on carbon oxidation in capacitive deionization architectures” and read more about him in the interview below:

Your recent Emerging Investigator Series paper focuses on Local pH Effects on Carbon Oxidation in Capacitive Deionization Architectures. How has your research evolved from your first article to this most recent article?

Initial research focused on the importance of carbon structure towards its desalination properties. However, it became evident early on that desalination with carbon electrodes depended on more than just the pore space and that surface properties of the electrode played one of the most critical roles. Since this realization, along with other exciting work completed in the field of capacitive deionization, manipulation of these surface properties allowed for the creation of an exciting new desalination technique, which was coined inverted capacitive deionization. Publications from Gao et al. and Omosebi et al. highlight the importance of these advances. In more recent years, the variance of carbon surface surface properties in relation to the bulk pH and the local pH has been used to further evaluate and advance capacitive deionization systems, which was the focus of this manuscript.

What aspect of your work are you most excited about at the moment?

I am most excited on how local pH effects can be used to perform more refined and selective salt separations. There is some exciting work being carried out by others in this area as well, and it could lead to more widespread adoption of capacitive deionization as a separation technique.

In your opinion, what are the most important questions to be asked/answered in this field of research?

Coordinating carbon electrode properties under various electrolyte conditions in order to perform specific separation processes is quite intriguing. Competing with membrane-based technologies to conduct general salt removal will be tough given currently available commercialized systems. If carbon surface characteristics can be used for designed separations that can be modulated under applied voltages, there could be some notable breakthroughs achieved in the field.

What do you find most challenging about your research?

The ability to achieve not only a separation but also achieve it reliably is quite important. This necessity means that longer experiments must be performed, and a multitude of characterization techniques must be carried out in addition to taking into account electrolyte compositions. All of these factors lead to needing a diverse research group to assess all of these factors. While this makes the research exciting, it also means that coordination and planning are needed to achieve reliable and impactful results.

In which upcoming conferences or events may our readers meet you?

Typically, you can find me at Electrochemical Society conferences as well as CDI&E conferences, which are held every other year.

How do you spend your spare time?

I truly like to reconnect with nature as much as I can in my spare time. Hiking, running, and playing tennis are all great activities to me. I find that spending time outdoors can help provide clarity in the ever increasing pace of the world.

Which profession would you choose if you were not a scientist?

Funny enough, I nearly pursued a career as a lawyer, specifically in the area of patent law. While I am certainly glad that I choose to pursue a career in science, the legal profession was next on my interest list.

Can you share one piece of career-related advice or wisdom with other early career scientists?

Keep your ears open. People can surprise you with their insights. Also, there is no substitute for hard work. It is discipline that keeps us all moving forward.