Archive for the ‘Review articles’ Category

Food waste biomass: a resource for high-value chemicals

Today’s society currently faces two big challenges in the form of resource depletion and waste accumulation.  The result of this is increased cost of raw resources and increasingly restrictive and expensive waste disposal.

Graphical abstract for C2GC36978HIn this perspective article, James Clark and colleagues evaluate the potential of food waste biomass as a resource for high-value chemicals.  The team begin at looking at food supply chain waste (FSCW) as a renewable resource more generally, focusing on the practicalities of using such resources and their availability.  In the latter half of the perspective, Clark looks at a biorefinery concept using citrus fruit waste and shows that this is a potentially cost-effective alternative to produce valuable chemicals. 

Clark emphasises throughout the article that it is important to go beyond first generation waste valorisation and so we must try to make use of all the valuable components of the waste.  You can see Professor Clark’s recent lecture on this topic on The Reaction website, given at the Chemistry Centre in October. 

Read the full article for free until the 4th February 2013!

Food waste biomass: a resource for high-value chemicals, Lucie A. Pfaltzgraff, Mario De bruyn, Emma C. Cooper, Vitaly Budarin and James H. Clark, Green Chem., 2013, DOI: 10.1039/C2GC36978H

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Top 10 cited review articles in 2012

A green chemistry coverAs the year draws to a close, here is a list of the top 10 cited review articles in Green Chemistry in 2012 – all free to access until the end of January 2013!

Technology development for the production of biobased products from biorefinery carbohydrates—the US Department of Energy’s “Top 10” revisited, Joseph J. Bozell and Gene R. Petersen, Green Chem., 2010, 12, 539-554

 Converting carbohydrates to bulk chemicals and fine chemicals over heterogeneous catalysts, Maria J. Climent, Avelino Corma and Sara Iborra, Green Chem., 2011, 13, 520-540

Catalytic conversion of biomass to biofuels, David Martin Alonso, Jesse Q. Bond and James A. Dumesic, Green Chem., 2010, 12, 1493-1513

Green chemistry by nano-catalysis, Vivek Polshettiwar and Rajender S. Varma, Green Chem., 2010, 12, 743-754

Synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and CO2, Michael North, Riccardo Pasquale and Carl Young, Green Chem., 2010, 12, 1514-1539

Searching for green solvents, Philip G. Jessop, Green Chem., 2011, 13, 1391-1398

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) as a building block platform: Biological properties, synthesis and synthetic applications, Andreia A. Rosatella, Svilen P. Simeonov, Raquel F. M. Frade and Carlos A. M. Afonso, Green Chem., 2011, 13, 754-793

Vegetable oil-based polymeric materials: synthesis, properties, and applications, Ying Xia and Richard C. Larock, Green Chem., 2010, 12, 1893-1909

Glycerol as a sustainable solvent for green chemistry, Yanlong Gu and François Jérôme, Green Chem., 2010, 12, 1127-1138

Enzyme-mediated oxidations for the chemist, Frank Hollmann, Isabel W. C. E. Arends, Katja Buehler, Anett Schallmey and Bruno Bühler, Green Chem., 2011, 13, 226-265

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Selective oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes over supported metal nanoparticles

Oxidation represents one of the most important reactions in organic synthesis and looks to have a significant role on the development and synthesis of value-added chemicals from biomass.  Efforts to make oxidation reactions more sustainable have led to the development of heterogeneous catalysts and the use of molecular oxygen an alternative to traditional, toxic chemical oxidants.

Graphical abstract of C2GC36441GIn this Critical Review, Robert Davis and colleagues from the University of Virginia, USA, evaluate the literature surrounding the use of supported metal nanoparticle catalysts for the selective oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes.  Davis compares the performances of the catalysts studied in this review by categorising reaction rates based on the turnover frequency as a common, consistent denominator.   The authors also look at factors that can affect the evaluation of reaction kinetics, such as catalyst deactivation, and give suggestions regarding how to obtain the best data.

Read this article for free until the 29th November 2012!

Selective oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes over supported metal nanoparticles, Sara E. Davis, Matthew S. Ide and Robert J. Davis, Green Chem., 2012, DOI: 10.1039/C2GC36441G

You may also be interested in these related articles – free to access until the 15th November 2012:

On the mechanism of selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid over supported Pt and Au catalysts, Sara E. Davis, Bhushan N. Zope and Robert J. Davis, Green Chem., 2012, 14, 143-147

Inhibition of gold and platinum catalysts by reactive intermediates produced in the selective oxidation of alcohols in liquid water, Bhushan N. Zope and Robert J. Davis, Green Chem., 2011, 13, 3484-3491

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Low melting mixtures in organic synthesis – an alternative to ionic liquids?

One of the major topics within the green and sustainable chemistry field is replacing hazardous and/or harmful solvents with more environmentally friendly alternatives.  One group of solvents that have been investigated for this purpose over recent years are ionic liquids.  However, it is now felt that not all ionic liquids can be classified as ‘green’ and that their environmental impact is strongly dependent on the cation and anion used to make them. Graphical abstract image for C2GC36005ENatural compounds can be used to produce deep eutectic solvents, sugar melts or ionic liquids, generating a reaction media which combines the advantages of non-toxic and biodegradable starting materiuals with the physicochemical properties of ionic liquids. 

In this Critical Review,  Burkhard König and Carolin Ruß from the University of Regensburg, Germany look at the impact these low melting mixtures have had on organic synthesis and their various applications.  The authors show that experimental and theoretical determinaton of the molecular structure of these solvents is needed in order to understand how this shapes their physcial properties.  Given the huge number of naturally occuring anions and cations, there remains an enormous range combinations to investigate with the potential to produce low-environmental impact solvents with tailor-made properties.

Read the full article for free until the 5th November 2012!

Low melting mixtures in organic synthesis – an alternative to ionic liquids? Carolin Ruß and Burkhard König, Green Chem., 2012, DOI: 10.1039/C2GC36005E

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What’s new with carbon dioxide?

In this tutorial review, Donald Darensbourg and Stephanie Wilson highlight the recent advances in the copolymerisation of carbon dioxide (CO2) with epoxides (oxiranes) to produce polycarbonates.

The advances in this area are discussed with specific reference to catalysts that have been designed to afford high selectivity for the copolymer versus cyclic carbonate formation.  The authors not only illustrate the advances in poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) production by also investigate the underlying reasons for the differences in the reactivity of propylene oxide and cyclohexene oxide. 

Darensbourg and Wilson conclude by highlighting the need for improved catalysts which can prevent the degradation of PPC in the presence of azide ions - specifically those catalysts with appended amines or ammonium salts. 

Interested?  Read the full article for free until the 2nd October 2012

What’s new with CO2? Recent advances in its copolymerization with oxiranes, Donald J. Darensbourg and Stephanie J. Wilson, Green Chem., 2012, DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35928F

You may also be interested in this critical review article – free to access for 2 weeks:

Synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and CO2, Michael North, Riccardo Pasquale and Carl Young, Green Chem., 2010, 12, 1514-1539

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Perspective: Process intensification strategies and membrane engineering

In this perspective, Enrico Drioli and colleagues evaluate how membrane systems can help achieve ‘green process engineering’.

The principles of a process intensification strategy can lead to the development and redesign of new processes which are more compact and efficient than their traditional counterparts.  These new processes can allow for better exploitation of raw materials, lower energy consumption and a reduced plant volume.  Membrane technologies can be seen as contributing to these principles and over the last few years, the scope for membrane operations has become widely recognised.

In this perspective article, the authors provide an overview of membrane applications and their perspectives in the fields of hydrogen production and distillation will be analysied through case studies.  The aim of this review is to show how redesigning traditional operations as membrane systems might contribute to the realization of the goals of process intensification. 

This article is free to access until the 16th May 2012! Click on the link below to find out more…

Process intensification strategies and membrane engineering, Enrico Drioli, Adele Brunetti, Gianluca Di Profio and Giuseppe Barbieri, Green Chem., 2012, DOI: 10.1039/C2GC16668B

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Critical review: Modeling and predicting aquatic aerobic biodegradation – a review from a user’s perspective

This review article by Christoph Rücker and Klaus Kümmerer critically evaluate various approaches to predict aquatic aerobic biodegradation from a user’s point of view.

The ‘benign by design’ concept is an emerging tool for developing green and sustainable chemistry.  However, in order for this approach to work information on a compound’s biodegradability needs to be available at an early stage, even before synthesis.  In view of this, computer models for predicting biodegradation are increasingly important.

In this critical review, the authors discuss and evaluate some of the fundamental problems in modeling biodegradation, as well as more general issues in modeling compound properties by quantitative structure-property/activity relationships.

This article has been made free to access until the 4th April 2012! Click on the link below to find out more…

Modeling and predicting aquatic aerobic biodegradation – a review from a user’s perspective, Christoph Rücker and Klaus Kümmerer, Green Chem., 2012, DOI: 10.1039/C2GC16267A

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Reviews in Green Chemistry – a cross journal collection

Image courtesy of Shutterstock

 The development of green and sustainable chemistry is one of the most topical issues of today and is relevant across all areas of chemistry in academia and industry.   

Chemical Society Reviews (Chem Soc Rev), Green Chemistry and Energy & Environmental Science (EES) are delighted to present a combined collection of high quality reviews covering a broad range of topics from this field.  The collection includes reviews currently featured in Chem Soc Rev’s Green Chemistry themed issue (online now), as well as a selection of cutting edge reviews published in Green Chemistry and EES last year.   

All these articles are free to access for a limited time only, so make the most of this opportunity and take a look…  

Fundamentals of green chemistry: efficiency in reaction design, Roger Sheldon, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 1437.  

Evaluating the “Greenness” of chemical processes and products in the pharmaceutical industry—a green metrics primer, Concepción Jiménez-González et al., Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 1485.  

Searching for green solvents, Philip, G. Jessop, Green Chem., 2011, 13, 1391.  

Derivation and synthesis of renewable surfactants, Evan S. Beach et al., Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 1499.        

Industrial biotechnology―the future of green chemistry?, Udo Kragl et al., Green Chem., 2011, 13, 3007.  

Expanding the organic toolbox: a guide to integrating biocatalysis in synthesis, Christopher M. Clouthier and Joelle Pelletier, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 1585.  

Enzyme immobilization on/in polymeric membranes: status, challenges and perspectives in biocatalytic membrane reactors (BMRs), Yamini Satyawali et al., Green Chem., 2011, 13, 1609.  

Immobilization technology: a sustainable solution for biofuel cell design, Xiao-Yu Yang et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 2012, 5, 5540-5563  

Green chemistry oriented organic synthesis in water, Marc-Olivier Simon and Chao-Jun Li, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 1415.   

Fischer–Tropsch fuels refinery design, Arno de Klerk, Energy Environ. Sci., 2011, 4, 1177.

The importance of green chemistry in process research and development, Peter J. Dunn, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 1452.   

Alternative energy input: mechanochemical, microwave and ultrasound-assisted organic synthesis, R. B. Nasir Baig and Rajender S. Varma, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 1559. 

Image courtesy of Shutterstock

Ionic liquid processing of cellulose, Robin D. Rogers et al., Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 1519. 

Processing of metals and metal oxides using ionic liquids, Andrew P. Abbott et al., Green Chem., 2011, 13, 471. 

Continuous reactions in supercritical carbon dioxide: problems, solutions and possible ways forward, Xue Han and Martyn Poliakoff, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 1428. 

Green materials synthesis with supercritical water, Tadafumi Adschiri et al., Green Chem., 2011, 13, 1380. 

Multiple objectives in biofuels sustainability policy, Jon C. Lovett et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 2011, 4, 261. 

Conversion of biomass to selected chemical products, Pierre Gallezot, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 1538.   

Toward a rational control of solid acid catalysis for green synthesis and biomass conversion, Ken-ichi Shimizu and Atsushi Satsuma, Energy Environ. Sci., 2011, 4, 3140-3153   

Waste materials―catalytic opportunities: an overview of the application of large scale waste materials as resources for catalytic applications, J. S. J. Hargreaves et al., Green Chem., 2011, 13, 16.   

Recent advances in the recycling of homogeneous catalysts using membrane separation, Dieter Vogt et al., Green Chem., 2011, 13, 2247.   

Cobalt catalysts for the coupling of CO2 and epoxides to provide polycarbonates and cyclic carbonates, Xiao-Bing Lu and Donald J. Darensbourg, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 1462.

Keep up-to-date with the latest reviews and primary research in this field by registering for our e-alerts today!

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Perspective: How do the fine chemical, pharmaceutical, and related industries approach green chemistry and sustainability?

In this Perspective article, William Watson, Scientific Update LLP, UK, looks at the approach of companies within the chemical, pharmaceutical and related industries to green chemistry and sustainability, and examines how much variation exists from company to company.

The study approached several companies from across the sector and included 11 ‘big pharma’ companies, 6 ‘other pharma’ companies and 4 non-phrama companies who agreed to take part in the survey.  The survey itself looked at green chemistry and sustainability policies and policy implementation, process metrics, green chemistry and technologies and how the application of the green chemistry principles changes throughout the various stages of development.

The study highlights that the overall picture across the sector is very varied, with a few companies clearly leading the field and some slower to introduce or highlight green issues than others.  However, all companies try to use green solvents where possible and avoid using solvents like dichloromethane.

This article is now free to access until the 3rd February 2012!  Click the link below to find out more…

How do the fine chemical, pharmaceutical, and related industries approach green chemistry and sustainability?, William J. W. Watson, Green Chem., 2012, DOI: 10.1039/C1GC15904F

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Critical review: The photoreaction of TiO2 and Au/TiO2 single crystal and powder surfaces with organic adsorbates. Emphasis on hydrogen production from renewables

In this critical review, Karen Connelly and Hicham Idriss from the University of Aberdeen, UK and SABIC T&I, Saudi Aradia, review the fundamental aspects behind the reactivity of TiO2 surfaces. 

The authors look at both rutile-TiO2and a gold/TiO2system and the various factors that affect their reactivity, before studying the photoreaction of ethanol in more detail.  Here, they show that the gold/TiO2system shows about two orders of magnitude high activity that rutile-TiO2and discuss the mechanisms of hydrogen production.  However, the authors highlight that further work is still needed in this field as only one third of the hydrogen is extracted from the ethanol.  They highlight that the challenge will be in designing photocatalysts for hydrogen production that are capable of breaking carbon-carbon bonds under ambient conditions.

This article is free to access until the 11th January 2012!  Click the link below to read more…

The photoreaction of TiO2and Au/TiO2single crystal and powder surfaces with organic adsorbates. Emphasis on hydrogen production from renewables, Karen A. Connelly and Hicham Idriss, Green Chem., 2012, DOI: 10.1039/C1GC15992E

You may also be interested in this article, also free until the 11th January 2012:

Sustainable hydrogen production by the application of ambient temperature photocatalysis, Michael Bowker, Green Chem., 2011, 13, 2235-2246

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